An equal-tangent vertical curve was designed in 2000 for a design speed of 70 mi/h to connect grades G1 = +1% and G2 = -2%. The curve is to be redesigned for a 70-mi/h design speed in the year 2020. Vehicle braking technology has advanced so that the recommended design deceleration rate is 25% greater than the 2000, but due to the higher percentage of older persons in the driving population, design reaction times have increased by 20%. Compute the difference in design curve lengths for the 2000 and 2020 designs.

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Drainage of Pavements

Pavement Drainage holds ample significance, as it prevents the accumulation of water or any liquid on the surface of pavements and ensures proper drainage system. With proper design and gradual slopes provided, the water gets easily removed from the surface into the drains, which are essential during heavy rains and unusual weather conditions keeping it less prone to accidents and increasing the durability of the pavement structure.