An 8m long steel column is pinned at the top and fixed at the bottom. The column is provided with lateral support 3m from the top in the weak direction. The properties of the column section are as follows: 4= 178.1x10°mm* 5- 18.8x10 mm A = 8129 mm? F, = 400 MPa K= effective length factor K-1.0 when both ends are pinned K=0.5 when both ends are fixed K= 0.7 when one end is fixed and other end is pinned a) What is the critical effective slenderness ratio? b) What is the buckling stress of the column? c) Calculate the critical load Pe in KN?

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System of Forces

A force is an external influence or agent that changes the state of a system. According to Newton's second law, the force applied to a body is proportional to the change in momentum of a body. Hence, whenever a force is applied to a body, its momentum changes. If the body is at rest, under the action of force, its state of rest changes to motion. In other words, the magnitude of the momentum of the body changes from zero to a measurable value. Similarly, if the body possesses some initial velocity, it has some associated momentum, the effect of force can cause the body to halt or come to rest, that is, the momentum reduces to zero.