American Revolution: Military and other issues. Amer. Rev. was multiple wars: global war; war for Amer. Independence; civil war between Patriots and Loyalists; war between Americans and Indians [most of whom allied with Britain]. Little talk of independence until 1776. Jan. 1776: Thomas Paine, Common Sense. Game changer. Criticized King George [see D of I]. June 7, 1776: Richard Henry Lee. July 2, 12-0 vote for Independence [NY abstained]. D of Iproclaimed July 4th Summer-fall 1775 - winter 1776: Continental Army invests Boston. Henry Knox, Fort Ti, British evacuate Boston. British move on NYC. Massive army and naval force. 30,000 men, 200 ships, 73 warships w. 50 guns each. Outflanked on Long Is. and outnumbered 2-1, Washington retreated to NY w. 9,000+ men. Miracle in the mist. Fall 1776: Washington driven out of NY and Westchester county. Retreats into PA [Delaware River]. Enlistments running out. Dec. 25-26, 1776: Battle of Trenton. Victory. British react. Washington escapes again. Princeton. Morale/reenlistments. Movie: The Crossing. Fighting: 1775-79: focused in North. 1779-81: focused in South. 1777-81: Washington in PA, NJ area: try to protect Philadelphia, and watch British in NYC. Oct. 1777: Battle of Saratoga. Burgoyne, Gates, Arnold. Military turning point. Led to French alliance. 1778: Franklin in Paris. Treaty of Alliance with France. $$$, men, supplies, arms, ships. CRUCIAL. Initiated a global war. Many European rivals declared war on Britain. 1779: Sullivan destroyed Iroquois villages and forces. 1779: Benedict Arnold betrayal at West Point. [Ft. Ti., Canada, Ft. Stanwix, Saratoga]. Peggy Shippen. South: 1780-81: Gates replaced by Nathaniel Greene. British General Cornwalis: chased Greene.; frustrated; tired. Cornwalis went into fall-winter quarters in supposed safety of Yorktown, VA. G. Wash was ready. Sept. Battle of the Capes [British & French fleets; Admiral DeGrasse]. Crucial to G. Wash's plans. Fall 1781: Yorktown Campaign. Washington, Rochambeau, Lafayette converged in secret on Yorktown. Oct. 1781: Cornwalis surrendered at Yorktown. British merchants and public tired of the war and its costs. Parliament opts out and forces George III to agree to American independence.

American Revolution: Military and other issues. Amer. Rev. was multiple wars: global war; war for Amer. Independence; civil war between Patriots and Loyalists; war between Americans and Indians [most of whom allied with Britain]. Little talk of independence until 1776. Jan. 1776: Thomas Paine, Common Sense. Game changer. Criticized King George [see D of I]. June 7, 1776: Richard Henry Lee. July 2, 12-0 vote for Independence [NY abstained]. D of Iproclaimed July 4th Summer-fall 1775 - winter 1776: Continental Army invests Boston. Henry Knox, Fort Ti, British evacuate Boston. British move on NYC. Massive army and naval force. 30,000 men, 200 ships, 73 warships w. 50 guns each. Outflanked on Long Is. and outnumbered 2-1, Washington retreated to NY w. 9,000+ men. Miracle in the mist. Fall 1776: Washington driven out of NY and Westchester county. Retreats into PA [Delaware River]. Enlistments running out. Dec. 25-26, 1776: Battle of Trenton. Victory. British react. Washington escapes again. Princeton. Morale/reenlistments. Movie: The Crossing. Fighting: 1775-79: focused in North. 1779-81: focused in South. 1777-81: Washington in PA, NJ area: try to protect Philadelphia, and watch British in NYC. Oct. 1777: Battle of Saratoga. Burgoyne, Gates, Arnold. Military turning point. Led to French alliance. 1778: Franklin in Paris. Treaty of Alliance with France. $$$, men, supplies, arms, ships. CRUCIAL. Initiated a global war. Many European rivals declared war on Britain. 1779: Sullivan destroyed Iroquois villages and forces. 1779: Benedict Arnold betrayal at West Point. [Ft. Ti., Canada, Ft. Stanwix, Saratoga]. Peggy Shippen. South: 1780-81: Gates replaced by Nathaniel Greene. British General Cornwalis: chased Greene.; frustrated; tired. Cornwalis went into fall-winter quarters in supposed safety of Yorktown, VA. G. Wash was ready. Sept. Battle of the Capes [British & French fleets; Admiral DeGrasse]. Crucial to G. Wash's plans. Fall 1781: Yorktown Campaign. Washington, Rochambeau, Lafayette converged in secret on Yorktown. Oct. 1781: Cornwalis surrendered at Yorktown. British merchants and public tired of the war and its costs. Parliament opts out and forces George III to agree to American independence.