acid or phenol What determines which direction the reaction proceeds and what actually forms? the boiling point of the carboxylic acid the presence (or absence) of heat as well as the concentration of reactants and product: the molecular weight of reactants and products the presence (or absence) of heat as well as the catalyst

Chemistry
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Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
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### Ester Formation and Hydrolysis

**Ester formation and ester hydrolysis are the same reaction, only written in reverse.**

#### General Reaction of Ester Formation:

\[ \text{R—C}\|(=O)\text{—OH} + \text{H—O—R}' \xrightarrow{\text{H}^+, \text{heat}} \text{R—C}\|(=O)\text{—O—R}' + \text{H}_2\text{O} \]

- **Reactants:** Carboxylic acid and alcohol/phenol
- **Products:** Carboxylic ester and water

#### General Reaction of Ester Hydrolysis:

\[ \text{R—C}\|(=O)\text{—OR}' + \text{H—OH} \xrightarrow{\text{H}^+} \text{R—C}\|(=O)\text{—OH} + \text{R}'\text{—OH} \]

- **Reactants:** Ester and water
- **Products:** Carboxylic acid and alcohol/phenol

### Reaction Direction and Formation Factors:

What determines which direction the reaction proceeds and what actually forms?

- The presence (or absence) of heat as well as the concentration of reactants and products
- The presence (or absence) of a catalyst

Other options listed:

- The boiling point of the carboxylic acid
- The molecular weight of reactants and products
Transcribed Image Text:### Ester Formation and Hydrolysis **Ester formation and ester hydrolysis are the same reaction, only written in reverse.** #### General Reaction of Ester Formation: \[ \text{R—C}\|(=O)\text{—OH} + \text{H—O—R}' \xrightarrow{\text{H}^+, \text{heat}} \text{R—C}\|(=O)\text{—O—R}' + \text{H}_2\text{O} \] - **Reactants:** Carboxylic acid and alcohol/phenol - **Products:** Carboxylic ester and water #### General Reaction of Ester Hydrolysis: \[ \text{R—C}\|(=O)\text{—OR}' + \text{H—OH} \xrightarrow{\text{H}^+} \text{R—C}\|(=O)\text{—OH} + \text{R}'\text{—OH} \] - **Reactants:** Ester and water - **Products:** Carboxylic acid and alcohol/phenol ### Reaction Direction and Formation Factors: What determines which direction the reaction proceeds and what actually forms? - The presence (or absence) of heat as well as the concentration of reactants and products - The presence (or absence) of a catalyst Other options listed: - The boiling point of the carboxylic acid - The molecular weight of reactants and products
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