According to molecular orbital theory, when atomic orbitals combine destructively: 1. Electrons in anti-bonding molecular orbitals make the species less stable. 2. Electrons in anti-bonding molecular orbitals make the species more stable. Because 1. Anti-bonding molecular orbitals are lower energy than the atomic orbitals. 2. Anti-bonding molecular orbitals are higher energy than the atomic orbitals. 1,2 O2,1 O2,2 O 1,1
Formal Charges
Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.
Polarity Of Water
In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.
Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.
![**Understanding Molecular Orbital Theory: Anti-bonding Molecular Orbitals**
Molecular orbital theory provides insight into the behavior of electrons in molecules. When atomic orbitals combine destructively, changes in molecular stability can occur. Consider the following statements and explanations:
1. Electrons in anti-bonding molecular orbitals make the species less stable.
2. Electrons in anti-bonding molecular orbitals make the species more stable.
**Because**
1. Anti-bonding molecular orbitals are lower energy than the atomic orbitals.
2. Anti-bonding molecular orbitals are higher energy than the atomic orbitals.
**Multiple Choice Question:**
Which combination of statements 1 and 2 with the reasons provided is correct?
- ○ 1, 2
- ○ 2, 1
- ○ 2, 2
- ○ 1, 1
**Explanation:**
When atomic orbitals combine destructively to form anti-bonding molecular orbitals, the energy of the resulting molecular orbitals is higher than that of the original atomic orbitals. Electrons occupying these higher-energy anti-bonding orbitals contribute to the instability of the molecule.
**Correct Answer:**
- ○ 2, 1
This is because anti-bonding molecular orbitals have higher energy than the atomic orbitals, and having electrons in these higher energy orbitals makes the species less stable.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Ff41550e9-2d86-4872-bfd8-a28f70a40714%2F052606ca-ff25-4624-aad8-c091e471728e%2Fa23ihk_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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