a. What ions and molecules are in solution well before the equivalence point, such as at 10 mL of base added? . What ions and molecules are in solution well after the equivalence point, such as at 20 mL of base added?
Electronic Effects
The effect of electrons that are located in the chemical bonds within the atoms of the molecule is termed an electronic effect. The electronic effect is also explained as the effect through which the reactivity of the compound in one portion is controlled by the electron repulsion or attraction producing in another portion of the molecule.
Drawing Resonance Forms
In organic chemistry, resonance may be a mental exercise that illustrates the delocalization of electrons inside molecules within the valence bond theory of octet bonding. It entails creating several Lewis structures that, when combined, reflect the molecule's entire electronic structure. One Lewis diagram cannot explain the bonding (lone pair, double bond, octet) elaborately. A hybrid describes a combination of possible resonance structures that represents the entire delocalization of electrons within the molecule.
Using Molecular Structure To Predict Equilibrium
Equilibrium does not always imply an equal presence of reactants and products. This signifies that the reaction reaches a point when reactant and product quantities remain constant as the rate of forward and backward reaction is the same. Molecular structures of various compounds can help in predicting equilibrium.
![A student used a pH meter to collect data for the titration of an unknown concentration of propanoic acid with a
0.150 mol/L solution of sodium hydroxide. The data table from the investigation is shown in the table below.
Data for the Titration of Propanoic Acid with Sodium Hydroxide
Volume of propanoic acid: 25.00 mL
[NaOH] = 0.150 mol/L
Volume of NaOH (aq)
added (mL)
0.00
2.00
4.11
7.98
11.95
14.08
16.05
17.00
17.21
17.39
17.62
17.99
18.18
18.39
18.80
20.00
22.03
PH
2.83
3.84
4.20
4.64
5.03
5.27
5.61
5.90
6.00
6.09
6.23
6.74
8.80
10.92
12.24
12.56
12.69
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