a. The paragraph above describes an A. Observational Study B. Experiment b. The cases in this research are A. Air pollution exposure during gestation B. Each birth between 1989 and 1993 C. Each type of pollution measured by air quality monitoring stations D. Each year between 1989 and 1993

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f. Can the findings of this study be used to establish casual relationships?
A. Yes, because air pollution is bad for human health
O B. No, because this is an observational study
C. No, because this is an experiment
D. Yes, because the sample size is so large
Transcribed Image Text:f. Can the findings of this study be used to establish casual relationships? A. Yes, because air pollution is bad for human health O B. No, because this is an observational study C. No, because this is an experiment D. Yes, because the sample size is so large
Researchers collected data to examine the relationship between pollutants and preterm births in Southern California. During the study air pollution
levels were measured by air quality monitoring stations. Specifically, levels of carbon monoxide were recorded in parts per million, nitrogen dioxide and
ozone in parts per hundred million, and coarse particulate matter PM10 in µg/m3. Length of gestation data were collected on 143,196 births between
the years 1989 and 1993, and air pollution exposure during gestation was calculated for each birth. The analysis suggested that increased ambient
PM10 and, to a lesser degree, CO concentrations may be associated with the occurrence of preterm births.
a. The paragraph above describes an
O A. Observational Study
B. Experiment
b. The cases in this research are
OA. Air pollution exposure during gestation
B. Each birth between 1989 and 1993
C. Each type of pollution measured by air quality monitoring stations
D. Each year between 1989 and 1993
c. What is the research question?
A. How prevalent was preterm birth during the years 1989 to 1993?
B. How much air pollution is there in Southern California?
C. Are preterm births associated with air pollution levels?
D. How can expectant mothers avoid air pollution?
d. What is the population of interest?
A. All air quality monitoring stations
B. All environmental pollutants
C. All years for which air quality has been measured
OD. All human babies
e. What is the sample?
A. The pollution measurements for the 4 pollutants
B. The 143,196 births
C. All air quality monitoring stations
D. The years between 1989 and 1993
Transcribed Image Text:Researchers collected data to examine the relationship between pollutants and preterm births in Southern California. During the study air pollution levels were measured by air quality monitoring stations. Specifically, levels of carbon monoxide were recorded in parts per million, nitrogen dioxide and ozone in parts per hundred million, and coarse particulate matter PM10 in µg/m3. Length of gestation data were collected on 143,196 births between the years 1989 and 1993, and air pollution exposure during gestation was calculated for each birth. The analysis suggested that increased ambient PM10 and, to a lesser degree, CO concentrations may be associated with the occurrence of preterm births. a. The paragraph above describes an O A. Observational Study B. Experiment b. The cases in this research are OA. Air pollution exposure during gestation B. Each birth between 1989 and 1993 C. Each type of pollution measured by air quality monitoring stations D. Each year between 1989 and 1993 c. What is the research question? A. How prevalent was preterm birth during the years 1989 to 1993? B. How much air pollution is there in Southern California? C. Are preterm births associated with air pollution levels? D. How can expectant mothers avoid air pollution? d. What is the population of interest? A. All air quality monitoring stations B. All environmental pollutants C. All years for which air quality has been measured OD. All human babies e. What is the sample? A. The pollution measurements for the 4 pollutants B. The 143,196 births C. All air quality monitoring stations D. The years between 1989 and 1993
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