a. Closed ambulacral grooves Crinoideaa Asteroidea Ophiuroidea Echinoidea b. Oral surface generally upward c. With arms d. Without arms e. Approximately globular or disc-shaped f. Elongated in oral-aboral axis g. With pedicellariae h. Madreporite internal i. Madreporite on oral plate Holothuroidea

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Animal Phylogeny

Cladistics is a method of biological classification where organisms are classified based on their ancestors and their relationship with them. It is defined as the concepts and methods for determining the branching patterns of evolution and evolutionary history. Some scientists, however, have preferred the term phylogenetic systematics or phylogenetic taxonomy to emphasize the reliance on a phylogeny for classification. It is the most common and accepted method for classifying organisms.