(a) Triangle Inequality Let a and b be real numbers. Then (b) Reverse Triangle Inequality Let a and b be real numbers. Then lal - IM S la -M CONVERGENCE OF SEQUENCES AND SERIES 80 Problem 65. (a) Prove Lemma 0/ Hint: For the Reverse Triangle Inequality, consider Jal - la -b+./
(a) Triangle Inequality Let a and b be real numbers. Then (b) Reverse Triangle Inequality Let a and b be real numbers. Then lal - IM S la -M CONVERGENCE OF SEQUENCES AND SERIES 80 Problem 65. (a) Prove Lemma 0/ Hint: For the Reverse Triangle Inequality, consider Jal - la -b+./
Advanced Engineering Mathematics
10th Edition
ISBN:9780470458365
Author:Erwin Kreyszig
Publisher:Erwin Kreyszig
Chapter2: Second-order Linear Odes
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ
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#65 part a
![3:21
RealAnalysis-ISBN-fix...
was a way to be rigorous without having to run back to the definition each
time. Fortunately, there is a way. If we can use the definition to prove some
general rules about limits then we could use these rules whenever they applied
and be assured that everything was still rigorous. A number of these should
look familiar from calculus.
Problem 64. Let (c) - (c, c, e,...) be a constant sequence. Show that
lim e=e.
In proving the familiar limit theorems, the following will prove to be a very
useful tool.
Lemma 1.
(a) Triangle Inequality Let a and b be real numbers. Then
la +6 s lal+l6|-
(b) Reverse Triangle Inequality Let a and b be real numbers. Then
Ja| - 16 S la - M
CONVERGENCE OF SEQUENCES AND SERIES
80
Problem 65.
(a) Prove Lemma 0/ Hint: For the Reverse Triangle Inequality, consider
Jal - la - b+
(b) Show |la| - |6|| s la - 4. / Hint: You want to show lal - 16| s la - b| and
/'l9 - | 5 (l9l – l|)-
Theorem 7. If lim a, =a and lim b, - 6, then lim (a, +6) = a+b. A
We will often informally state this theorem as "the limit of a sum is the
sum of the limits." However, to be absolutely precise, what it says is that if
we already know that two sequences converge, then the sequence formed by
summing the corresponding terms of those two sequences will converge and, in
fact, converge to the sum of those individual limits. We'll provide the scrapwork
for the proof of this and leave the formal write-up as an exercise. Note the use
of the triangle inequality in the proof.
SCRAPWORK: If we let e > 0, then we want N so that if n > N, then
|(a, + 6) - (a + b)<e. We know that lim n =a and lim, - 6,
so we can make Jan - al and b, - 6| as small as we wish, provided we make
n large enough. Let's go back to what we want, to see if we can ckose the gap
between what we know and what we want. We have
|(a, + b) – (a + 6) |-|(a, - a) + (b, - b) |s la, - a|+|b, - b|
by the triangle inequality. To make this whole thing less than e, it makes sense
to make each part less than 5. Fortunately, we can do that as the definitions
of lim, d = a and lim,x b. = b allow us to make a, - a and b. - 6
arbitrarily small. Specifically, since lim,x n = a, there exists an Ni stuch
that if n> N, then Ja, -al <. Also since lim, b, = 6, there exists an Ng
such that if n> Na then b, - 6 <5. Since we want both of these to occur, it
makes sense to let N max(N1, Na). This should be the N that we seek.
Problem 66. Prove Theorem 2
Theorem 8. If lim a, =a and lim , - 6, then lim (a,b,) = ab.
SCRAPWORK: Given e>0, we want N so that if n> N, then Ja,b-ab <
e. One of the standard tricks in analysis is to "uncancel." In this case we will
subtract and add a convenient term. Normally these would "cancel out," which
is why we say that we will uncancel to put them back in. You already saw an
example of this in proving the Reverse Triangle Inequality (Problem 6). In the
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Transcribed Image Text:3:21
RealAnalysis-ISBN-fix...
was a way to be rigorous without having to run back to the definition each
time. Fortunately, there is a way. If we can use the definition to prove some
general rules about limits then we could use these rules whenever they applied
and be assured that everything was still rigorous. A number of these should
look familiar from calculus.
Problem 64. Let (c) - (c, c, e,...) be a constant sequence. Show that
lim e=e.
In proving the familiar limit theorems, the following will prove to be a very
useful tool.
Lemma 1.
(a) Triangle Inequality Let a and b be real numbers. Then
la +6 s lal+l6|-
(b) Reverse Triangle Inequality Let a and b be real numbers. Then
Ja| - 16 S la - M
CONVERGENCE OF SEQUENCES AND SERIES
80
Problem 65.
(a) Prove Lemma 0/ Hint: For the Reverse Triangle Inequality, consider
Jal - la - b+
(b) Show |la| - |6|| s la - 4. / Hint: You want to show lal - 16| s la - b| and
/'l9 - | 5 (l9l – l|)-
Theorem 7. If lim a, =a and lim b, - 6, then lim (a, +6) = a+b. A
We will often informally state this theorem as "the limit of a sum is the
sum of the limits." However, to be absolutely precise, what it says is that if
we already know that two sequences converge, then the sequence formed by
summing the corresponding terms of those two sequences will converge and, in
fact, converge to the sum of those individual limits. We'll provide the scrapwork
for the proof of this and leave the formal write-up as an exercise. Note the use
of the triangle inequality in the proof.
SCRAPWORK: If we let e > 0, then we want N so that if n > N, then
|(a, + 6) - (a + b)<e. We know that lim n =a and lim, - 6,
so we can make Jan - al and b, - 6| as small as we wish, provided we make
n large enough. Let's go back to what we want, to see if we can ckose the gap
between what we know and what we want. We have
|(a, + b) – (a + 6) |-|(a, - a) + (b, - b) |s la, - a|+|b, - b|
by the triangle inequality. To make this whole thing less than e, it makes sense
to make each part less than 5. Fortunately, we can do that as the definitions
of lim, d = a and lim,x b. = b allow us to make a, - a and b. - 6
arbitrarily small. Specifically, since lim,x n = a, there exists an Ni stuch
that if n> N, then Ja, -al <. Also since lim, b, = 6, there exists an Ng
such that if n> Na then b, - 6 <5. Since we want both of these to occur, it
makes sense to let N max(N1, Na). This should be the N that we seek.
Problem 66. Prove Theorem 2
Theorem 8. If lim a, =a and lim , - 6, then lim (a,b,) = ab.
SCRAPWORK: Given e>0, we want N so that if n> N, then Ja,b-ab <
e. One of the standard tricks in analysis is to "uncancel." In this case we will
subtract and add a convenient term. Normally these would "cancel out," which
is why we say that we will uncancel to put them back in. You already saw an
example of this in proving the Reverse Triangle Inequality (Problem 6). In the
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