A tri-metallic bar is uniformly compressed by an axial force P = 40 kN applied through a rigid end plate (see figure). The bar consists of a circular steel core surrounded by a brass and copper tubes. The steel core has a diameter of 30 mm, the brass tube has outer diameter of 45 mm, and the copper tube has outer diameter of 60 mm. the corresponding moduli of elasticity are E, = 210 GPa, E, = 100 GPa, and E= 120 GPa. Copper tube Brass tube P= 40 kN Steel core 30 mm 45 mm 60 mm

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Bars

In civil engineering, bars refer to steel reinforcement bars or rebars. These are structural members primarily used for reinforcement purposes in masonry works. A bar is characterized by its cross-sectional area, which is negligible compared to its length. Bars are usually manufactured by steel which is uniform throughout the length, or by meshing multiple steel wires. Other materials of the bar include carbon steel, glass fiber, carbon fiber, and basalt fiber. The reinforcing bars are coated with epoxy resins and other materials to enhance some of their properties including corrosion resistance.