A tied column 450 mm square is reinforced with 8 - 28 mm Ø equally distributed on its sides. The unsupported length of column is 2.6 m. and is prevented to sidesway due to shear walls. K= 1.0, fc' = 20.7 MPa and fy = 415 MPa. Use 40 mm covering measured from center of reinforcement with tie diameter is 12 mm. Es = 200 GPa. Neglect the concrete area displaced by the compression steel bars. Determine the nominal load that the column could carry. Determine the balanced load using concrete strain value of ε = 0.003 fy and yield strain of steel Es 3 Determine the balanced moment. = Ey

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Highway Drainage

Highway drainage is the process of extracting and regulating the excess surface water on the pavement by giving the desired slope. The construction of a highway drain helps to divert the water present on the surface, and sub-grade by the means of slope. Highway drainage systems are a necessary part of smooth functioning of traffic, since the highway drainage systems provide proper disposal of unwanted substances from the highways.