(a) Suppose 3 children in a village ages 3, 5, and 7 are vaccinated with the QIV vaccine. What is the probability that at least one child among the 3 will get influenza? (Round your answer to four decimal places.) (b) Suppose that 80% of 3-4-year-old children and 70% of 5-8-year-old children in a village are vaccinated with QIV vaccine. Also assume that children who are not vaccinated have tice the incidence of influenza as the control group in the table above. (Round your answers to two decimal places.) (0) What percentage of 3-4-year-old children in the village will get influenza? (4) What percentage of 5-8-year-old children in the village will get influenza? (c) Suppose we identify a 5-8-year-old child with influenza in the village but are uncertain whether the child was vaccinated. If we make the same assumptions that we made in part (b), then what is the probability that the child was vaccinated? (Hint: Use Bayes' rule here. Round your answer to four decimal places.)

In an observational study it was found that people who had received the flu shot this year had better blood pressure readings, on average, than people who did not.  Can it be claimed that the flu shot is the cause of the lower overall blood pressure?  Why or why not?

Among individuals who eat a healthy diet and exercise frequently the point prevalence of hypertension is 0.09. Individuals subject to poverty, making it more difficult for them to eat a healthy diet and exercise frequently, have a 0.31 point prevalence for hypertension. What is the risk difference between the two groups?     0.29     0.76     0.78     0.22

(True or False) A clinical trial is conducted to compare an experimental medication to placebo to reduce the symptoms of asthma. Two hundred participants are enrolled in the study and randomized to receive either the experimental medication or placebo. The primary outcome is self-reported reduction of symptoms. Among 50 participants who receive the experimental medication, 30 report a reduction of symptoms as compared to 15 participants of 50 assigned to the placebo. The 95% CI for the relative risk of participants reporting a reduction of symptoms between the experimental and placebo groups is between 1.529 and 8.012.

A scientist is studying the effect of a new type of exercise program on cardiovascular health. The scientist randomly assigns individuals to either the exercise program or a control group. The scientist wants to determine if the exercise program has a statistically significant effect on cardiovascular health. The scientist monitors cardiovascular health by measuring the blood pressure of each individual.

A researcher randomly assigns participants to receive either a vaccine or a placebo, and number of infections are compared 4 weeks after the intervention. What type of design is this?   Non-experimental design Experimental design ANOVA design Correlational design

Most cases of cervical cancer are linked to a few strains of the human papilloma virus (HPV). The pharmaceutical company Merck developed a vaccine (Gardisil) against these HPV strains. Worldwide clinical trials followed young women after vaccination or administration of placebo for two to four years for signs of HPV-caused cervical cancer. Based on a sample of 100 women in the Gardisil group, 26% developed cervical cancer, and based on a sample of 100 women in the placebo group, 32% developed cervical cancer. Test the claim that the proportion of women who developed cervical cancer in the Gardisil group is less than the proportion of women who developed cervical cancer in the placebo group at a = 0.05. Round your answers to three decimal places, and round any interim calculations to four decimal places. Fill in the hypotheses below where p₁ denotes the proportion of women who developed cervical cancer in the Gardisil group and p2 denotes the proportion of women who developed cervical…

A clinical trial is being conducted to determine the efficacy of a novel antiretroviral medication for HIV patients. Patients are randomized to receive either standard antiretroviral therapy or the novel antiretroviral therapy and are followed for three months. The viral load, or the amount of HIV copies per milliliter of blood, is the most important outcome. Is there statistical evidence of a difference in viral load in patients receiving standard versus new anti-retroviral therapy? A total of 30 participants are randomized, and the data are shown below and it is Two tailed Test

Calcium and Blood Pressure Does increasing the amount of calcium in our diet reduce blood pressure? Examination of a large sample of people revealed a relationship between calcium intake and blood pressure. Such observational studies do not establish causation. Researchers therefore designed a randomized comparative experiment. The subjects were 21 healthy men who volunteered to take part in the experiment. They were randomly assigned to two groups: 10 of the men received a calcium supplement for 12 weeks, while the control group of 11 men received a placebo pill that looked identical. The experiment was double-blind. The response variable is the decrease in systolic (top number) blood pressure for a subject after 12 weeks, in millimeters of mercury. An increase appears as a negative number. Do the data provide convincing evidence that a calcium supplement reduces blood pressure more than a placebo, on average, for subjects like the ones in this study? Group 1 (calcium) Group (placebo)…

Most cases of cervical cancer are linked to a few strains of the human papilloma virus (HPV). The pharmaceutical company Merck developed a vaccine (Gardisil) against these HPV strains. Worldwide clinical trials followed young women after vaccination or administration of placebo for two to four years for signs of HPV-caused cervical cancer. Based on a sample of 100 women in the Gardisil group, 24 % developed cervical cancer, and based on a sample of 100 women in the placebo group, 34 % developed cervical cancer. Test the claim that the proportion of women who developed cervical cancer in the Gardisil group is less than the proportion of women who developed cervical cancer in the placebo group at a = 0.10. Round your answers to three decimal places, and round any interim calculations to four decimal places. Fill in the hypotheses below where p₁ denotes the proportion of women who developed cervical cancer in the Gardisil group and p2 denotes the proportion of women who developed cervical…