A study of the effectiveness of a nicotine lozenge randomly assigned smokers who wanted to quit to take either a nicotine lozenge or a placebo lozenge (a lozenge with no active ingredient). The study was double-blind so that neither the researchers nor the participants knew who was taking the nicotine lozenge and who was taking the placebo. The subjects were then monitored over the course of a year for whether they successfully abstained from smoking for that year. The results of the study are presented in the table below. Researches are interested to find Successfully Abstained Resumed Smoking Total Nicotine Lozenge 82 Placebo Lozenge 46 377 459 412 458 whether the nicotine lozenge is effective in helping smokers who want to quit.
Continuous Probability Distributions
Probability distributions are of two types, which are continuous probability distributions and discrete probability distributions. A continuous probability distribution contains an infinite number of values. For example, if time is infinite: you could count from 0 to a trillion seconds, billion seconds, so on indefinitely. A discrete probability distribution consists of only a countable set of possible values.
Normal Distribution
Suppose we had to design a bathroom weighing scale, how would we decide what should be the range of the weighing machine? Would we take the highest recorded human weight in history and use that as the upper limit for our weighing scale? This may not be a great idea as the sensitivity of the scale would get reduced if the range is too large. At the same time, if we keep the upper limit too low, it may not be usable for a large percentage of the population!
Please use the attached to answer the following.
a) What is the value of the test statistic?
b) What is the p-value?
c) Which of the following statements about the t-distribution is NOT correct?
(a) As the degrees of freedom increase, the t-distribution approaches the standard
(b) The t-distribution has less variability than the standard normal distribution.
(c) The t-distribution is symmetric.
(d) The t-distribution has a mean of 0.
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