A steel bar of a length, diameter and Young's modulus of 400 mm, 20 mm and 200 GPa is placed concentrically within a brass tube which has an outside diameter,thickness, length and Young's modulus of 30 mm, 4 mm, 400 mm long and 100 GPa respectively. The compound bar hangs vertically with its upper end rigidly fixed with a collar fitted to the bottom end. The application of a load P results in the compound bar storing a total of 7 J of energy. Calculate: The gradually applied load The suddenly applied load The impact load that falls 150 mm and induces 7 J of energy The instantaneous stresses in both materials The instantaneous elongation of the compound rod
Design Against Fluctuating Loads
Machine elements are subjected to varieties of loads, some components are subjected to static loads, while some machine components are subjected to fluctuating loads, whose load magnitude tends to fluctuate. The components of a machine, when rotating at a high speed, are subjected to a high degree of load, which fluctuates from a high value to a low value. For the machine elements under the action of static loads, static failure theories are applied to know the safe and hazardous working conditions and regions. However, most of the machine elements are subjected to variable or fluctuating stresses, due to the nature of load that fluctuates from high magnitude to low magnitude. Also, the nature of the loads is repetitive. For instance, shafts, bearings, cams and followers, and so on.
Design Against Fluctuating Load
Stress is defined as force per unit area. When there is localization of huge stresses in mechanical components, due to irregularities present in components and sudden changes in cross-section is known as stress concentration. For example, groves, keyways, screw threads, oil holes, splines etc. are irregularities.
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