A solid steel column and a hollow steel column, both have the same length and same cross-section area, and are fixed at the ends. If the internal diameter of hollow column is 2/3 of its external diameter, find the ratio of buckling strengths of solid steel column to that of hollow steel column.

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Fluid Materials

In general terms, anything that flows can be termed as a fluid. In other words, a fluid is any substance that cannot resist shear forces and deforms continuously under the application of external shear forces. Fluid materials differ completely from solid materials such as metals and alloys. For instance, if we consider two infinitesimally small cross-sectional areas of fluid materials and solid materials, and apply shear forces to these elements, both the elements will undergo deformation. Upon releasing the shear force, the element of the solid materials will regain its original orientation, but the element of the fluid materials will keep on deforming continuously under the action of the shear force.