A solar panel with area of 2m2 has Voc = 17V, Isc = 9A, Vmp = 14.5V and Imp = 8.5A under STC (irradiance 100 W/m2 and 25 Celsius). Calculate the maximum power output Pmax, fill factor FF and efficiency η of the module.

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Solar Cell

A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is a device that converts light into electricity directly through a photovoltaic effect, i.e., a physical and chemical event. It is a type of electromagnetic cell, defined as being used for its electrical properties, current, voltage, or resistance, which vary when exposed to light. Everyday cellular gadgets are usually the building blocks of photovoltaic modules, collectively known as solar panels. Single junction silicon solar cell can generate an open circuit of about 0.5 to 0.6 volts.