A single vertical friction pile of diameter 500 mm and length 20 m is subjected to a vertical compressive load. The pile is embedded in a homogeneous sandy stratum where: angle of internal friction is = 30°, dry unit weight (yd)= 20 kN/m3 and angle of wall friction is 24/3. Considering the coefficient of lateral earth pressure (K) = 2.7 and the bearing capacity factor (Ng) = 25, the ultimate bearing capacity of the pile (in kN) is_

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Braced cuts

The braced cut is a method of providing lateral support to the soil in foundation trenches, to prevent the trenches from deformation by the caving in of soil and resisting it from moving laterally. During shallow excavation in firm soil, generally, slopes are provided to resist the caving in of soil. During shallow excavation in soft soil and deep excavation, the chances of caving in of soil increase. Hence, it becomes necessary to make a provision to resist the deformation of trenches due to caving in of soil. The braced cut is the method used for such conditions. The excavation using braced cuts is a bit uneconomical as compared to the traditional open-cut excavation method but provides better safety than the cut excavation method.