A signal source has an open-circuit voltage of 10mV and a short-circuit current of 10mA. What is the source resistance Rs? Now add the load resistance R₁=100, calculate the voltage V₁ and i₁ in two signal source, and prove they are equivalent. vs(t) R₂ www RL VL i(t) ↑ Rs R₁

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Thevenin Theorem

Any linear circuit, no matter how complex, maybe simplified to an equivalent circuit utilizing only a single voltage source and series resistance coupled to a load, according to Thevenin's Theorem. The superposition principle says that all foundational equations must be linear, and the notion of "linear" is still the same (i.e., there should not be any exponentials or roots). This is particularly the case when operating with passive elements like resistors, inductors, and capacitors. However, some components (particularly some gaseous and semiconductor devices like tunnel diode, Schottky diode, transistors like BJT, MOSFET) are nonlinear, meaning their current resistance fluctuates with voltage and current. As a result, circuits made up of these parts are known as nonlinear circuits.