A researcher decides to try to incorporate stochasticity by changing carrying capacity (K) in the logistic model over time. This would be best considered О а. Noise O b. Demographic heterogeneity O c. This is not stochasticity O d. Demographic stochasticity O e. Environmental stochasticity
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- What is the true test of an explanatory model? A. This model seeks to predict by understanding cause and effects B. The process allows you to compare and contrast alternatives C. This approach quantifies economic variables D. It involves the identification and measures of a phenomena E. It is considered a fact – finding approach to understanding a phenomenaWhich statement about environmental stochasticity is true? O A. Environmental stochasticity places grizzly bears in Yellowstone National Park at risk for extinction despite the average positive growth rate of this population. O B. There is no fundamental difference between environmental stochasticity and demographic stochasticity. O C. In a situation of environmental stochasticity, the underlying birth and death rates of individuals are constant across years. D. All of the above E. None of the aboveWhich of the following is considered a study of association: a. Cohort study b. Cross-sectional study c. Case-control study d. Ecologic study e. All but A
- The following characteristics describe a cross-sectional study: A. The outcome is at the individual-level B. The exposure is at the group-level C. The outcome is at the neighborhood level D. People are recruited into the study based on disease status or having a condition. E.This study design is particularly susceptible to the ecologic fallacyPopulations that have reduced variation in their vital rates in response to increasing environmental variation are said to have а. Environmental stochasticity O b. Temporal autocorrelation С. Demographic buffering O d. Unstable equilibrium O e. Stable equilibriumstochasticity is a result of I temporal variation in demographic rates O a. demographic O b. environmental and demographic C. sex-bias O d. environmental
- I am testing the prediction that locations with a higher abundance of seeds will have more ant species coexisting there. I am studying many different locations with many different values of seed abundance. What kind of statistical test would be best for testing my prediction? Chi-square ANOVA Regression3. A hypothesis must contain which of the following variables? tablvona fegnibenne variables 29 nozzl) a. only the dependent or responding variable b. only the dependent or manipulated variable OW shawens snoted vijuters dilida way Jer usy bayni and to 16 sk 3 miuton nsmngleza es batalo C. both the manipulated and responding variable d. both the manipulated and responding variables, as well as all the controlled variablesExplain why you agree or disagree with the followingpropositions:a. Stabilizing population is not desirable because, without more consumers, economic growth would stop.b. The world will never run out of resources becausewe can use technology to find substitutes and tohelp us reduce resource waste.c. We can shrink our ecological footprints while creating beneficial environmental impacts.
- Ecologic fallacy refers to.... A. Ascribing the characteristics of a group to every individual in that group. B. Assessing exposure in large groups rather than in small groups. C. Examining correlations of exposure and outcomes rather than time trends. D. Assessing outcome in large groups rather than in many small groups. E. Failure to examine temporal relationships between exoosures and cuscoreMost commonly, individuals of a natural population show a __________ distribution through their habitat. a. random b. clumped c. near uniformIn order to minimize systematic error in a study, researchers should: *C IS NOT THE CORRECT OPTION SO I DONT KNOW WHAT ELSE IT COULD BE* A. Use rigorous study methods B. Recruit a large number of people to the study C. Select study participants based on disease status d. A and B e. None of the above