A rectangular column is to be constructed with a constant cross-sectional dimensions of 600 mm x 1000 mm. This column is to be constructed with high strength concrete (E = 30 GPa) and internally reinforced with an unknown numbers of steel rods. A single steel rod has E =210 GPa and a constant cross- sectional area of 0.005 m2. Assume complete fixation of the rods within the concrete. The height of the rods is the same as that of the column. Using this information, design columns A and B. %3D

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Braced cuts

The braced cut is a method of providing lateral support to the soil in foundation trenches, to prevent the trenches from deformation by the caving in of soil and resisting it from moving laterally. During shallow excavation in firm soil, generally, slopes are provided to resist the caving in of soil. During shallow excavation in soft soil and deep excavation, the chances of caving in of soil increase. Hence, it becomes necessary to make a provision to resist the deformation of trenches due to caving in of soil. The braced cut is the method used for such conditions. The excavation using braced cuts is a bit uneconomical as compared to the traditional open-cut excavation method but provides better safety than the cut excavation method.