A population of dark-eyed junco birds became established near the California coastline, many miles from the junco's normal habitat in the mixed-coniferous temperate forests in the mountains. Juncos have white outer tail feathers that the males display during aggressive interactions and during courtship displays. Males with more white in their tail are more likely to win aggressive interactions, and females prefer to mate with males with more white in their tails.   The coastal male junco population tails were, on average, 36% white; whereas the tails of males from the mountain populations averaged 40-45% white. Which of the following factors is the most likely original cause of the difference between the populations if the trait is inherited?   Multiple choice (one answer is correct)   1. a founder effect in the coastal population 2. gene flow between populations 3. mutations in the coastal population 4. a bottleneck effect in the coastal population

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Animal Behavior

Animal behavior can be defined as all the things that animals do. In response to a stimulus, an animal performs a certain fixed action pattern, or FAP, of behavior. This response occurs to make the animal more adaptable to change. So, behavior is generally a stimulus-oriented response. A behavior is an expression of the capabilities of the nervous system. A stimulus is determined by the environment, while the nervous system determines a response.