: (a) P(O) (b) PðA[2Þ (c) P(1) (d) PðA"Þ (e) PðAj3Þ (f) Pð"3Þ (g) Pð2\3Þ (h) Pð2jAÞ
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Pillman et al. (A-11) studied patients with acute brief episodes of psychoses. The researchers classified subjects into four personality types: obsessiod, asthenic=low self-confident, asthenic=high self-confident, nervous=tense, and undeterminable. The table below cross-classifies these personality types with three groups of subjects—those with acute and transient psychotic disorders (ATPD), those with “positive” schizophrenia (PS), and those with bipolar schizo-affective disorder (BSAD):
REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 87
Personality Type
Obsessoid (O)
Asthenic=low Self-confident (A) Asthenic=high Self-confident (S) Nervous=tense (N) Undeterminable (U)
ATPD (1)
9 20 5 4 4
PS (2)
2 17 3 7 13
42
BSAD (3)
Total
Total 42
6 17 15 52 8 16 4 15 9 26
42 126
Source: Frank Pillmann, Raffaela Bloink, Sabine Balzuweit, Annette Haring, and Andreas Marneros, “Personality and Social Interactions in Patients with Acute Brief Psychoses,” Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 191 (2003), 503–508.
Find the following probabilities if a subject in this study is chosen at random: (a) P(O) (b) PðA[2Þ (c) P(1) (d) PðA"Þ
(e) PðAj3Þ (f) Pð"3Þ (g) Pð2\3Þ (h) Pð2jAÞ
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- The president of a mid-sized state university has proposed lowering tuition rates in order to increase the school’s overall graduation rates (meaning she expects the two measures will be negatively associated with each other). She collects data on other similar universities, rating universities as “high” on tuition (above-average tuition costs) or “low” (below average tuition), as well as on their proportion of students who graduate in six years (categorizing with those graduating more than half of their students as “high” and those graduating fewer than half as “low”). A bivariate table with these data is below. Calculate the gamma and then write a sentence or two interpreting what it suggests about the relationship. Is there support for the president’s hypothesis? Graduation Rate by Tuition Rate Tuition Rate Graduation Rate Low High Totals Low 52 40 92 High 80 125 205 Totals 132 165 297Researchers investigate how the presence of cell phones influence the quality of human interaction. Subjects are randomly selected from a population and divided into an experimental group that is asked to leave their phones in the front of the room and a control group that are not asked to leave their cell phones at the front of the room. Subjects are left alone for 10 minutes and then asked to take a survey designed to measure quality of interactions they had with others in the experiment. What statistical test is appropriate?In a May 2011 study, Federal University Hospital in São Paulo, Brazil, 71 healthy pregnant women were separated into a control group and an experimental group. Those in the experimental group engaged in aerobic water exercise throughout their pregnancy whereas those women in the control group did not. After giving birth the neonatal outcome of the children of all women in the study was recorded where a negative neonatal outcome was defined as a hospital stay of more than four days. A set of similar results is shown in the table Group Positive Neonatal Outcome Negative Neonatal Outcome Water Exercise 15 15 Control Group 12 18 A hypothesis test was carried out, yielding a p-value of 0.396. What is the correct interpretation? 1.Do not reject H0 since the p-value is greater than 0.05. 2. Reject H0 since the p-value is greater than 0.05. 3. Do not reject H0 since the p-value is less than 0.05. 4. Reject H0 since the p-value is less than 0.05. AND Based…
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- Sleep apnea is a disorder characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep. Children who suffer from untreated sleep apnea often have behavior problems, including hyperactivity, inattention, and aggression. A common treatment for pediatric sleep apnea is the surgical removal of enlarged tonsils and adenoids that are obstructing the airways. Suppose researchers at a sleep clinic are interested in the effect of surgical treatment for pediatric sleep apnea on aggressive behavior. They study 11 children without sleep apnea, 11 children with untreated sleep apnea, and 11 children who have been surgically treated for sleep apnea. Aggression is measured using the Conners Rating Scales. The sample means and sums of squares of the scores for each of the three groups are presented in the following table. Group Sample Mean Sum of Squares No Sleep Apnea 0.59 0.3240 Untreated Sleep Apnea 0.45 0.4410 Treated Sleep Apnea 0.31 0.2250 The researchers perform an analysis of…Suppose we are interested in studying the relationship between the shelf life of cheeses in a dairy factory and the thickness of the packaging material used for those cheeses. We would like to determine if there is a causal relationship between the thickness of the packaging material and the shelf life of the cheese; that is, does a change in the thickness of the packaging material cause a change in the shelf life of the cheese? Select the study that would be best source of evidence for establishing the existence of a causal relationship. Select one: O a. A study which uses a stratified random sample, stratifying by type of cheese, to select units of cheese in the factory and determine the thickness of the packaging material and test the shelf life of each unit. O b. A study which uses a cluster sample, clustering by room the cheese is stored in, to select units of cheese in the factory and determine the thickness of the packaging material and test the shelf life of each unit. O c. A…2. [modified from page 76 #3] Coughlin et al. examined the breast and cervical screening practices of Hispanic and non-Hispanic women in counties that approximate the U.S. southern border region. The study used data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System surveys of adults age 18 years or older conducted in 1999 and 2000. The table below reports the number of observations of Hispanic and non-Hispanic women who had received a mammogram in the past 2 years cross-classified with marital status. Marital Status Currently Married Divorced or Separated Widowed Never Married or Living As an Unmarried Couple Total Hispanic 319 130 88 41 578 Non-Hispanic 738 329 402 95 1564 Total 1057 459 490 136 2142 a) We select at random a subject who had a mammogram. What is the probability that she is widowed? b) We select at random a subject who had a mammogram and learn that she is Hispanic. With that information, what is the probability that she is married? e) Def two vents in this space that…
