A physics lab instructor is working on a new demonstration. She attaches two identical conducting balls with mass m = 0.190 g to threads of length L as shown in the figure. There are two strings in the figure. The top of each string is connected to the ceiling, and both strings are connected at the same point. The bottom of each string is connected to a spherical mass labeled m. Both strings have length Land hang at an angle of θto the vertical, with the two strings on opposite sides of the vertical. Both balls have the same charge of 7.60 nC, and are in static equilibrium when θ = 4.55°. What is L (in m)? Assume the threads are massless. Draw a free-body diagram, apply Newton's second law for a particle in equilibrium to one of the balls. Find an equation for the distance between the two balls in terms of L and θ, and use this expression in your Coulomb force equation. m (b) What If? The charge on both balls is increased until each thread makes an angle of θ = 9.10° with the vertical. If both balls have the same electric charge, what is the charge (in nC) on each ball in this case? nC

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Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism is a mechanism by which some materials show magnetic properties. Iron and magnetite, an oxide of iron, are two naturally occurring materials that show the property of ferromagnetism. The word ferromagnetism is derived from the Latin name of iron, "Ferrum" as it was the first observed material to show such property. The property of ferromagnetism is shown by only a few substances such as iron, nickel, cobalt, and their alloys. Some transition metals and alloys of rare-earth metals also show ferromagnetism.