A nerve cell is shaped like a cylinder. The membrane wall of the cylinder has a +0.07-V potential difference from the inside to the outside of the wall. To help maintain this potential difference, sodium ions are pumped from inside the cell to the outside. For a typical cell, 10^9 ions are pumped each second. a. Determine the change in chemical energy each second required to produce this increase in electric potential energy. b. If there are roughly 7×10^11 of these cells in the body, how much chemical energy is used in pumping sodium ions each second? c. Estimate the fraction of a person's metabolic rate used to pump these ions. Assume the metabolic rate to be 100 W.

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Electric Charges and Fields

One of the fundamental properties is the electromagnetic property. Charge cannot be destroyed by any process and this contributes formally to the law of charge conservation.