A multistory building with a basement is to be constructed. Top 4 m consists of loose silt, below which dense sand layer is present upto a great depth. Ground water table is at the surface. The foundation consists of the basement slab of 6 m width which will rest on the top of dense sand as shown in the figure. For dense sand, saturated unit weight = 20 kN/m³ and bearing capacity factors N₁ = 40 and N, = 45. For loose silt, saturated unit weight = 18 kN/m³, N₁ = 15 and N, = 20. Effective cohesion C is zero for both soils. Unit weight of water is 10 kN/m³. Neglect shape factor and depth factor. Average elastic modulus E and Poisson's ratio of dense sand is 60 × 103 kN/m² and 0.3 respectively. Ground surface X 4 m Loose silt + Basement foundation slab 6 m * Loose silt Dense sand (i) Using factor of safety = 3, the net safe bearing capacity (in kN/m²) of the foundation is ? (ii) The foundation slab is subjected to vertical downward stresses equal to net safe bearing capacity derived in the above question (i). Using influence factor I, = 2.0, and neglecting embedment depth and rigidity corrections, calculate the immediate settlement of the dense sand layer.

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Load and resistance factor design

Load and resistance factors design (LRFD), also known as Limit state design (LSD), refers to the design method used in building engineering. A boundary condition is a condition of a structure where it can no longer meet the relevant design requirements. The condition may refer to the load level or other actions on the structure, while the terms refer to the integrity of the structure, suitability for use, durability, or other design requirements. A structure designed for LRFD is limited to keeping track of all possible actions during its design time and is always ready for use, with the appropriate level of reliability in each boundary condition. LRFD-based construction codes clearly define the appropriate levels of reliability in their instructions.