A low noise 3  stage cascaded power amplifier is to be used in a typical low noise communication receiver.   The specifications of the three stages are given below: Amplifier -1 :   Gain G1 =31 dB  ; Bandwidth = 1.5 kHz  ;  Total output Noise Power = - 138 dBW Amplifier -2  :   Gain G2 = 20 dB  ;  Equivalent Noise Temperature Te2  = 484 deg K Amplifier -3 :   Gain G3 = 13 dB  ;  Noise Ratio  F3 = 2.1 Assume that all amplifiers are kept at the  same reference  temperature = 27 deg C. Calculate  (i)  Noise ratio (F1) for Amplifier -1 (ii) Noise ratio (F2) for Amplifier -2

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Debye Theory of Solids

In solid-state physics, debye theory is used to estimate the phonons contributing to the specific heat capacity in a solid. It explains that the specific heat is a consequence of the vibrations of the atomic lattice of the solid, which is in contrast to the Einstein model. In the Einstein model, solids are treated as independent, non-interacting quantum harmonic oscillators. This model clearly explains the low-temperature dependence of the heat capacity, which is proportional to T3. This is known as Debye T3 law.