A large sized excavation is made in a stiff clay whose saturated unit weight is 17.27 kN/m3. When the depth of excavation reaches 7.5m, cracks appear and water begins to flow upward to bring up sand to the surface. Subsequent borings indicate that the clay is underlain by sand at a depth of 11m below the original ground surface. What is the depth to the water table outside the excavation below the original g

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Measuring site work, Excavation and Piling

Bid drawings typically include very little material about the precise requirements of site work operations, measuring site work and excavation work differs from measuring most other works on a construction project. The actual site work conditions are not provided and also the dimensions of the excavations are not known during the pre-construction phase. The precise measurement of the excavation and backfill of the earth material and topsoil is important for a contractor to decide upon the total cost required for the process. All the works should be carried out under OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) standards to ensure the safety of the workers.