(a) In general, which provides better fire performance, carbonate or silicate aggregates? Why?(b) Why does fire design incorporate a load reduction factor (Dfire) = 1.0?(c) Two identical beams (Beam 1 is simply supported, and Beam 2 is fully restrained) areheated under similar conditions. What does the mechanical strain equal to in each of thesebeams?(d) A design office located in Clemson, SC (with a branch in San Francisco, CA) envisionsdesigning a new composite member made of steel and timber. This to-be designed memberis expected to be used in wildfire-prone regions primarily for single family homes.Comment on how you would design such a member to achieve superior fire performance.(e) Plot and discuss the expected degradation faces in three bending elements (say, beams) tobe made from concrete, steel and timber?

(a). Carbonate aggregates provide much better fire resistance than the silicate aggregates because of the following reasons: 1. When the concrete is subjected to high temperatures the carbonate aggregate (dolomite) has highest compressive and tensile strength. 2. The carbonate aggregates can retain more moisture content than the silicate aggregates which enhances the fire resistant capabilities. 3. The coefficient of thermal expansion of carbonate aggregates is comparatively less than the silicate aggregates. (b). The recommendation of load reduction factor for the fire design, ϕfire = 1 is used because of the following reasons: 1. The probability of fire occurrence and the strength falling below the design value simultaneously is very small. 2. The fire design is based on the most likely expected strength. 3. The expectation is that the live loads under fire conditions are likely to be smaller than those at room temperature conditions. (c). Total strain is the sum of the thermal strain and the mechanical strain and is represented as under εTotal strain = εThermal strain + εMechanical strain After being under the similar heating conditions the mechanical strain in the two identical beams is as follows: For the beam 1, which is simply supported : After applying the heat, the total strain will result in increase in the length of the beam but there will be no mechanical strain in the bean and will be given as follows: εMechanical strain = 0 The total strain in this case will be the thermal strain. It also signifies that no stresses are developed in the beam but will result in an increase in the length equal to lα∆T. εTotal strain = εThermal strain For the beam 2 which is fully restrained : As it is clear that the beam is fully retrained and cannot move, thus it is advisable that an axially retrained beam is taken into account. The total strain in this case would be equal to zero meaning there will be no displacements as the restraining forces are opposite and equal on the two ends and would cancel out each other. Thus, the thermal strain and mechanical strain are equal to each other. εThermal strain = - εMechanical strain-ive sign indicates opposite in the direction. Thus, the value of the mechanical strain is written as follows: εThermal strain = - εMechanical strain εThermal strain = α∆T⇒ εMechanical strain = - α∆T

Engineering

Civil Engineering

(a) In general, which provides better fire performance, carbonate or silicate aggregates? Why? (b) Why does fire design incorporate a load reduction factor (Pfire) = 1.0? (c) Two identical beams (Beam 1 is simply supported, and Beam 2 is fully restrained) are heated under similar conditions. What does the mechanical strain equal to in each of these beams?

(a) In general, which provides better fire performance, carbonate or silicate aggregates? Why? (b) Why does fire design incorporate a load reduction factor (Pfire) = 1.0? (c) Two identical beams (Beam 1 is simply supported, and Beam 2 is fully restrained) are heated under similar conditions. What does the mechanical strain equal to in each of these beams?

Structural Analysis

6th Edition

ISBN:9781337630931

Author:KASSIMALI, Aslam.

Publisher:KASSIMALI, Aslam.

Chapter2: Loads On Structures

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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Concept explainers

Analysis and Procedures for Material Selection

The term material selection means to select the right material for various engineering applications. There are various engineering materials available and each has different individual properties. Thorough knowledge of the material properties and behavior is crucial in the design process. For instance, a structural member, such as a beam, is used to support vertical shear loads by the building itself. To withstand such loads, the material of the beam must possess adequate strength and stiffness to resist any deformation that might lead to the formation of cracks.

Question

(a) In general, which provides better fire performance, carbonate or silicate aggregates? Why?
(b) Why does fire design incorporate a load reduction factor (Dfire) = 1.0?
(c) Two identical beams (Beam 1 is simply supported, and Beam 2 is fully restrained) are
heated under similar conditions. What does the mechanical strain equal to in each of these
beams?
(d) A design office located in Clemson, SC (with a branch in San Francisco, CA) envisions
designing a new composite member made of steel and timber. This to-be designed member
is expected to be used in wildfire-prone regions primarily for single family homes.
Comment on how you would design such a member to achieve superior fire performance.
(e) Plot and discuss the expected degradation faces in three bending elements (say, beams) to
be made from concrete, steel and timber?

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