A hollow steel shaft with an outside diameter of 67 mm and a wall thickness of 11 mm is subjected to a pure torque of T = 5100 N-m. The shear modulus of the steel is G = 82 GPa. Determine: (a) the maximum shear stress r in the shaft. (b) the magnitude of the angle of twist p in a 2.4-m length of shaft. Answers: (a) T = i MРа. (b) 4 = i

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Methods to Determine Vertical Stress

The load applied to the soil is transferred to the underground. The presence of water at soil pores and solid grains above the soil are the primary components that are responsible for the effective load transfer. Due to the load acting, the internal component of the soil or the underground formations undergoes deformations or a tectonic shift. The amount of deformation depends upon the amount of load acting on the soil surface, which indeed, depends on the weight of everything present above the soil. Due to this, the underground soil element develops internal stresses which try to resist the tectonic changes.