A Francis turbine having inlet diameter as I m and rotational speed 500 rpm, has flow area 0.25 m at the inlet and is working under a head of 70 m. Flow is radial at the outlet. Compute hydraulic efficiency, taking velocity of flow at inlet as 6 m/s and velocity of whirl at inlet as 24 m/s. Briefly describe the methods of plane table surveying.

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Measuring site work, Excavation and Piling

Bid drawings typically include very little material about the precise requirements of site work operations, measuring site work and excavation work differs from measuring most other works on a construction project. The actual site work conditions are not provided and also the dimensions of the excavations are not known during the pre-construction phase. The precise measurement of the excavation and backfill of the earth material and topsoil is important for a contractor to decide upon the total cost required for the process. All the works should be carried out under OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) standards to ensure the safety of the workers.