A converging elbow (see the figure below) turns water through an angle of 135° in a vertical plane. The flow cross section diameter is 400 mm at the elbow inlet, section (1), and 200 mm at the elbow outlet, section (2). The elbow flow passage volume is 0.2 m³ between sections (1) and (2). The water volume flowrate is 0.1 m/s and the elbow inlet and outlet pressures are 140 kPa and 110 kPa. The elbow mass is 10 kg. Calculate the (a) horizontal (x direction) and (b) vertical (z direction) anchoring forces required to hold the elbow in place. (a) F.- 200 N Section (1) D₂-400mm 135 Section (2)

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Open Channel Flow

Open channel flow is a branch of fluid mechanics. It deals with the flow of fluid in an open conduit or free surface. In an open channel flow, gravity induces the flow of water whose surface is open to the air. This flow is free-falling rather than confined in rigid body conduits. The open channel flow depends upon two parameters that are the cross-section of the conduit and the velocity profile. Practical examples of open channel flow are streams, rivers, canals, and other drainage systems.In open channel flow, the cross-sectional area of at least one of the sides is exposed to air, and the surface of water faces atmospheric pressure. This flow is also known as free gravity flow. The cross-sectional area of the conduit can be either man-made or a natural channel. For instance, the flow in rivers and streams are natural conduits, and the flow in a canal and sanitary systems are man-made or engineered channels.