A composite bar consist of two materials aluminum and steel is rigidly attached to the fixed supports at (80 degree C) as shown in Figure. If the ends do not yield, find the stresses in the two materials of the bar when the temperature of the composite bar falls to (20 degree C). Es = 200 GPa, Ea = 70 GPa, as = %3D 11.7*10^-6 /C, aal = 23.4*1O^-6 /C, %3D As= 275 mm^2, Aal = 450 mm^2. Al STEEL + 500 mm- 900 mm

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Asphalt Binders and Mixtures

Asphalt binders are subsidiary products procured during the refining process of petroleum while manufacturing gasoline, diesel, and similar petroleum products. Asphalt binders are obtained from the residue that remains after the distillation of petroleum, this residue is further subjected to steam distillation and oxidation to remove the traces of gas oil present in the residue. Certain additives or modifiers are also added to asphalt binders to alter them to suit different applications.