1 Introduction To Chemistry 2 Atoms And Molecules 3 Molecules, Moles, And Chemical Equations 4 Stoichiometry 5 Gases 6 The Periodic Table And Atomic Structure 7 Chemical Bonding And Molecular Structure 8 Molecules And Materials 9 Energy And Chemistry 10 Entropy And The Second Law Of Thermodynamics 11 Chemical Kinetics 12 Chemical Equilibrium 13 Electrochemistry 14 Nuclear Chemistry Chapter9: Energy And Chemistry
Chapter Questions Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1CO: Explain the economic importance of conversions between different forms of energy and the... Problem 2CO: • define work and beat using the standard sign conventions. Problem 3CO: • define state functions and explain their importance. Problem 4CO: • state the first law of thermodynamics in words and as an equation. Problem 5CO: • use calorimetric data to obtain values for E and H for chemical reactions. Problem 6CO: • define Hfo and write formation reactions for compounds. Problem 7CO: • explain Hess’s law in your own words. Problem 8CO: • calculate H for chemical reactions from tabulated heats of formation. Problem 9.1PAE Problem 9.2PAE Problem 9.3PAE Problem 9.4PAE Problem 9.5PAE Problem 9.6PAE Problem 9.7PAE: Define the term internal energy. Problem 9.8PAE: How fast (in meters per second) must an iron ball with a mass of 56.6 g be traveling in order to... Problem 9.9PAE: What is the kinetic energy of a single molecule of oxygen if it is traveling at 1.5103m/s ? Problem 9.10PAE: 9.10 The kinetic energy of molecules is often used to induce chemical reactions. The bond energy in... Problem 9.11PAE: 9.11 Analyze the units of the quantity (pressurevolume) and show that they are energy units,... Problem 9.12PAE: 9.12 How many kilojoules are equal to 3.27 L atm of work? Problem 9.13PAE Problem 9.14PAE Problem 9.15PAE: 9.15 Carry out the following conversions of energy units: (a) 14.3 Btu Into calories, (b) 1.4105 cal... Problem 9.16PAE: 9.16 According to Figure 9.2, the total energy supply in the United States in 2016 was 111.261015... Problem 9.17PAE: 9.17 If a machine does 4.8103kJ of work after an input of 7.31104kJ of heat, what is the change in... Problem 9.18PAE: 9.18 Calculate (a) q when a system does 54J of work and its energy decreases by 72 J and (b) E for a... Problem 9.19PAE: 9.19 If the algebraic sign of E is negative, in which direction has energy flowed? Problem 9.20PAE: 9.20 State the first law of thermodynamics briefly in your own words. Problem 9.21PAE: 9.21 Which type of energy heat or work, is valued more by society? What evidence supports your... Problem 9.22PAE: 9.12 PV-work occurs when volume changes and pressure remains constant. If volume is held constant,... Problem 9.23PAE: 9.23 Which system does not work: (a) E=436J , q=400J ; or E=317J , q=347J ? Problem 9.24PAE: 9.29 In which case is heat added to the system: (a) E=43J , w=40J ; or (b) E=31J , w=34J ? Problem 9.25PAE Problem 9.26PAE: 9.26 Gas furnaces have achieved impressive efficiency levels largely through the addition of a... Problem 9.27PAE Problem 9.28PAE: 9.28 When an electrical appliance whose power usage is X watts is run for Y seconds, it uses joules... Problem 9.29PAE Problem 9.30PAE: 9.30 For the example of shallow water and sandy beaches, which material has a larger heat capacity... Problem 9.31PAE: 9.31 A metal radiator is made from 26.0 kg of iron. The specific heat of iron is 0.449Jg1C1 . How... Problem 9.32PAE: 9.32 The material typically used to heat metal radiators is water. If a boiler generates water at... Problem 9.33PAE: 9.33 Copper wires used to transport electrical current heat up because of the resistance of the... Problem 9.34PAE: 9.34 A copper nail and an iron nail of the same mass and initially at the same room temperature are... Problem 9.35PAE: 9.35 A piece of titanium metal with a mass of 20.8 g is heated in boiling water to 99.5°C and then... Problem 9.36PAE: 9.36 Define the term calibration. Problem 9.37PAE: 9.37 A calorimeter contained 75.0 g of water at 16.95°C. A 93.3-g sample of iron at 65.58°C was... Problem 9.38PAE: 9.38 The energy densities of various types of coal are listed below: Anthracite 35 kJ/g... Problem 9.39PAE: 9.39 How much thermal energy is required to heat all of the water in a swimming pool by 1°C if the... Problem 9.40PAE Problem 9.41PAE: 9.41 Under what conditions does the enthalpy change equal the heat of a process? Problem 9.42PAE: 9.42 Why is enthalpy generally more useful than internal energy in the thermodynamics of real world... Problem 9.43PAE Problem 9.44PAE Problem 9.45PAE: 9.45 What happens to the temperature of a material as it undergoes an endothermic phase change? If... Problem 9.46PAE: 9.46 The heat of fusion of pure silicon is 43.4 kJ/mol. How much energy would be needed to melt a... Problem 9.47PAE: 9.47 If 14.8 kJ of heat is given off when 1.6 g of HCl condenses from vapor to liquid, what is Hcond... Problem 9.48PAE: 9.48 Calculate the energy required to convert 1.70 g of ice originally at 12.0 C into steam at 105... Problem 9.49PAE: 9.49 Hvap=31.3 kJ/mol for acetone. If 1.40 kg of water were vaporized to steam in a boiler, how much... Problem 9.50PAE: 9.50 When a 13.0-g sample of NaOH(s) dissolves in 400.0 mL of water in a coffee cup calorimeter, the... Problem 9.51PAE Problem 9.52PAE: 9.52 Write the formation reaction for each of the following substances. (a) CH4(g) , (b) C3H(l) ,... Problem 9.53PAE: 9.53 Using these reactions, find the standard enthalpy change for the formation of 1 mol of PhO(s)... Problem 9.54PAE: 9.54 The phase change between graphite and diamond is difficult to observe directly. Both substances... Problem 9.55PAE: 9.55 Hydrogen gas will react with either acetylene or ethylene gas. The thermochemical equations for... Problem 9.56PAE: 9.56 Using heats of formation tabulated in Appendix E, calculate the heats of reaction for the... Problem 9.57PAE: 9.57 The heat of combustion of butane is —2877 kJ/mol. Use this value to find the heat of formation... Problem 9.58PAE: 9.58 For the reaction C2H2(g)+2H2(g)C2H6,H=136 kJ. What are the ratios that can be defined between... Problem 9.59PAE: 9.59 For the reaction N2(g)+O2(g)2NO(g),H=180.5kJ . How much energy is needed to generate 35 moles... Problem 9.60PAE: 9.60 Nitroglycenne, C3H5(NO3)3( l ), is an explosive most often used in mine or quarry blasting. It... Problem 9.61PAE: 9.61 Silane, SiH4, burns according to the reaction, SiH4+2O2SiO2+2H2O , with H=1429 kJ. How much... Problem 9.62PAE: 9.62 Sulfur trioxide can be removed from the exhaust gases of power plants hy reaction with lime.... Problem 9.63PAE: 9.63 Reactions of hydrocarhons are often studied in the petroleum industry. One example is... Problem 9.64PAE Problem 9.65PAE: 9.65 When 0.0157 g of a compound with a heat of combustion of —37.6 kJ/mol is burned in a... Problem 9.66PAE Problem 9.67PAE Problem 9.68PAE: 9.68 What are some features of petroleum that make it such an attractive fuel? Problem 9.69PAE: 9.69 How are the roles of transmission substations and distribution substations in the electrical... Problem 9.70PAE: 9.70 Residential electric service in the United States generally operates at 120 V, but transmission... Problem 9.71PAE: 9.71 In recent years, the notion of a “smart grid” has emerged. Do a web search and research the... Problem 9.72PAE: 9.72 Although it can be a nuisance when a laptop computer freezes up and needs to be rebooted, we... Problem 9.73PAE: 9.73 Without looking up any numerical data or doing calculations, predict whether the enthalpy... Problem 9.74PAE: 9.74 Without looking up any numerical data or doing calculations, predict whether the following... Problem 9.75PAE: 9.75 Explain why each of the following chemical equations is not a correct formation reaction. (a)... Problem 9.76PAE: 9.76 Which of the following are state functions? (a) the volume of a balloon, (b) the time it takes... Problem 9.77PAE: 9.77 When a reaction is exothermic, is the sum of bond energies of products or of reactants greater? Problem 9.78PAE Problem 9.79PAE Problem 9.80PAE Problem 9.81PAE: 9.81 A substance has the following properties: Hfusion = 10.0 kJ/mol Hvaporiztion = 20.0 kJ/mol... Problem 9.82PAE: 9.82 The specific heat of gold is 0.13 J g-1 K-1 and that of copper is 0.39 J g-1 K-1. Suppose that... Problem 9.83PAE: 9.83 A student performing a calorimetry experiment combined 100.0 mL of 0.50 M HCl and 100.0 mL of... Problem 9.84PAE: 9.84 Some claim it would be more logical to use heats of atomization, the energy required to convert... Problem 9.85PAE: 9.85 The figure below shows a "self-cooling" beverage can. The can is equipped with an outer jacket... Problem 9.86PAE: 9.86 You make some iced tea by dropping 134 g of ice into 500.0 mL of warm tea in an insulated... Problem 9.87PAE: 9.87 What will be the final temperature of a mixture made from equal masses of the following: water... Problem 9.88PAE Problem 9.89PAE: 9.89 A sample of gas is 80.0% CH4 and 20.0% C2H6 by mass. What is the heat from the combustion of... Problem 9.90PAE: 9.90 Many engineering designs must incorporate ways to dissipate energy in the form of heat. Water... Problem 9.91PAE: 9.91 You want to heat the air in your house with natural gas (CH4). Assume your house has 275... Problem 9.92PAE Problem 9.93PAE Problem 9.94PAE Problem 9.95PAE: 9.95 How much heat is required to convert 250 g of water from liquid at 23°C: into steam at 107°C?... Problem 9.96PAE: 9.96 Most first aid "cold packs" are based on the endothermic dissolution of ammonium nitrate in... Problem 9.97PAE: 9.97 Suppose that the working fluid inside an industrial refrigerator absorbs 680 J of energy for... Problem 9.98PAE: 9.98 Hydrogen combines with oxygen in fuel cells according to the thermochemical equation... Problem 9.99PAE: 9.99 The chemical reaction BBr3(g)+BCl3(g)BBr2Cl(g)+BCl2Br(g) , has an enthalpy change very close to... Problem 9.100PAE: 9.100 Two baking sheets are made of different metals. You purchase both and bake a dozen cookies on... Problem 9.101PAE Problem 9.102PAE: 9.102 A runner generates 418 kJ of energy per kilometer from the cellular oxidation of food. The... Problem 9.103PAE: 9.103 One reason why the energy density of a fuel is important is that to move a vehicle one must... Problem 9.104PAE: 9.104 An engineer is using sodium metal as a cooling agent in a design because it has useful thermal... Problem 9.105PAE Problem 9.106PAE Problem 9.107PAE Problem 9.108PAE Problem 9.109PAE Problem 9.110PAE Problem 9.96PAE: 9.96 Most first aid "cold packs" are based on the endothermic dissolution of ammonium nitrate in...
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Calculate the reaction free energy of this chemical reaction , given the following information:
Transcribed Image Text: **Transcription for Educational Website:**
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**Chemical Reaction Free Energy Calculation**
A chemist fills a reaction vessel with the following components at a temperature of 25.0°C:
- 0.306 g of mercurous chloride (\( \text{Hg}_2\text{Cl}_2 \)) solid
- 0.504 M mercury (I) (\( \text{Hg}_2^{2+} \)) aqueous solution
- 0.629 M chloride (\( \text{Cl}^- \)) aqueous solution
Under these conditions, calculate the reaction free energy (\( \Delta G \)) for the following chemical reaction:
\[ \text{Hg}_2\text{Cl}_2 (s) \rightleftharpoons \text{Hg}_2^{2+} (aq) + 2 \text{Cl}^- (aq) \]
Use the thermodynamic information in the ALEKS Data tab. Round your answer to the nearest kilojoule.
**Input Box:**
| **Enter Value:** | **kJ** |
|:-----------------:|:----:|
Note: The input section includes options to reset (\( \times \)) or retry (\( \circlearrowright \)) the calculation.
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Definition Definition Transformation of a chemical species into another chemical species. A chemical reaction consists of breaking existing bonds and forming new ones by changing the position of electrons. These reactions are best explained using a chemical equation.
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![**Transcription for Educational Website:**
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**Chemical Reaction Free Energy Calculation**
A chemist fills a reaction vessel with the following components at a temperature of 25.0°C:
- 0.306 g of mercurous chloride (\( \text{Hg}_2\text{Cl}_2 \)) solid
- 0.504 M mercury (I) (\( \text{Hg}_2^{2+} \)) aqueous solution
- 0.629 M chloride (\( \text{Cl}^- \)) aqueous solution
Under these conditions, calculate the reaction free energy (\( \Delta G \)) for the following chemical reaction:
\[ \text{Hg}_2\text{Cl}_2 (s) \rightleftharpoons \text{Hg}_2^{2+} (aq) + 2 \text{Cl}^- (aq) \]
Use the thermodynamic information in the ALEKS Data tab. Round your answer to the nearest kilojoule.
**Input Box:**
| **Enter Value:** | **kJ** |
|:-----------------:|:----:|
Note: The input section includes options to reset (\( \times \)) or retry (\( \circlearrowright \)) the calculation.
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