A capacitor is made by sandwiching two thin sheets of aluminum between two layers of neoprene rubber and then rolled into a cylinder. Each of the sheets are 50 cm wide and 50 m long. The layers of rubber are 0.5 mm thick and have a dielectric constant of 6.7. (a) What is the permittivity of neoprene? (b) What is the capacitance of the capacitor? (c) If 12 volts are applied across the capacitor, what is the electric field between the sheets? (d) What is the charge density on the surface of the aluminum sheets? (e) How much energy is stored in the capacitor? olution: the sheets were kept flat instead of being rolled up, we would have a flat-plat ® Java Update Available x de of

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Helmholtz Free Energy

The Helmholtz free energy is a thermodynamic potential used to calculate the measure of useful work from a closed system. This system is kept at constant temperature and volume. German physicist Hermann Helmholtz introduced this concept in 1882.