(a) Briefly explain the 3 main processes involved in emission of radiation. [3]
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![Q7.
(a) Briefly explain the 3 main processes involved in emission of radiation.
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- (b) Consider a 100 cm² photovoltaic cell with reverse saturation current density of Jo = 10-¹² A/cm². In full sun, it produces a short-circuit current of 40 mA at 20 °C. Calculate the open-circuit voltage at full sun. Consider Boltzmann's constant as kB = 1.381 x 10-23 J.K-1 1.6 x 10-1⁹ C and T(K) = 273.15+T(°C) The open-circuit voltage, Voc, for a PV is: KBT, Voc = -In(+1) q lo Isc I q=Another series of nuclear reactions that can produce energy in the interior of stars is the cycle described below. This cycle is most efficient when the central temperature in a star is above 1.6x10' K. Because the temperature at the center of the Sun is only 1.5×10' K, the following cycle below produces less than 10% of the Sun's energy. (Enter the mass number in the first raised box, the atomic number in the second lower box, and the element in the third box.) (a) A high-energy proton is absorbed by 12c. Another nucleus, A, is produced in the reaction, along with a gamma ray. Identify nucleus A. (b) Nucleus A decays through positron emission to form nucleus B. Identify nucleus B. (c) Nucleus B absorbs a proton to produce nucleus C and a gamma ray. Identify nucleus C. (d) Nucleus C absorbs a proton to produce nucleus D and a gamma ray. Identify nucleus D. (e) Nucleus D decays through positron emission to produce nucleus E. Identify nucleus E. (f) Nucleus E absorbs a proton to produce…