A 5-m depth of sand overlies a 6-m thick layer of clay, the water table being at the surface; the permeability of the clay is very low. The saturated unit weight of the sand is 19 kN/m3 and that of clay is 20 kN/m3. A 4-m depth of fill material of unit weight 20 kN/m3 is placed on the surface over an extensive area. Determine the effective vertical stress at the centre of the clay layer a. immediately after the fill has been placed, assuming this to take place rapidly, and b. many years after the fill has been placed. Fill WT Sand m 5 Clay 8. 11

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Calculation of Settlement

The vertical displacement of the structural foundation due to the loading from the superstructure is known as settlement. It is due to the reduction of air voids present in the soil. The amount of vertical displacement depends on the bearing capacity of the soil on which the foundation is laid. The effect of the settlement depends on the magnitude of settlement, uniformity, and the structural design of the structure. The maximum allowable settlement for residential and office buildings should be less than 18 mm, for industrial buildings, it is 38 mm and for commercial buildings, it is 25 mm.