A 3 ft x 3 ft square footing is to be placed over the following soll profile to support 18kips column load. Once the footing is placed, 5-ft structural fill will be placed. Determine the average Increase of effective stress in the clay layer due to the load carried by foundation and the structural fill. 5 ft 2 ft 4 ft Square foundation: 3 ft x 3 ft Sand 18 kips Clay 2 ft ΤΑ Proposed Fill, y = 120 lb/ft³ Ydry= 100 lb/ft³ Ground water table Year = 110 lb/ft³ 10001b/ft2

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Load and resistance factor design

Load and resistance factors design (LRFD), also known as Limit state design (LSD), refers to the design method used in building engineering. A boundary condition is a condition of a structure where it can no longer meet the relevant design requirements. The condition may refer to the load level or other actions on the structure, while the terms refer to the integrity of the structure, suitability for use, durability, or other design requirements. A structure designed for LRFD is limited to keeping track of all possible actions during its design time and is always ready for use, with the appropriate level of reliability in each boundary condition. LRFD-based construction codes clearly define the appropriate levels of reliability in their instructions.