Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are the organic compounds that are obtained in foods and living matters in the shape of sugars, cellulose, and starch. The general formula of carbohydrates is Cn(H2O)2. The ratio of H and O present in carbohydrates is identical to water.
Starch
Starch is a polysaccharide carbohydrate that belongs to the category of polysaccharide carbohydrates.
Mutarotation
The rotation of a particular structure of the chiral compound because of the epimerization is called mutarotation. It is the repercussion of the ring chain tautomerism. In terms of glucose, this can be defined as the modification in the equilibrium of the α- and β- glucose anomers upon its dissolution in the solvent water. This process is usually seen in the chemistry of carbohydrates.
L Sugar
A chemical compound that is represented with a molecular formula C6H12O6 is called L-(-) sugar. At the carbon’s 5th position, the hydroxyl group is placed to the compound’s left and therefore the sugar is represented as L(-)-sugar. It is capable of rotating the polarized light’s plane in the direction anticlockwise. L isomers are one of the 2 isomers formed by the configurational stereochemistry of the carbohydrates.
![**Chemical Reaction Pathways:**
The image contains a schematic of various chemical reactions. Below you will find the detailed transcription along with explanations of each reaction pathway:
1. **Reaction A:**
- **Reactants:** Cyclopentanone (a five-membered ring with a ketone functional group).
- **Reagents:** 2 equivalents of methanol (CH₃OH) and an acid catalyst.
- **Product:** Not specified in the image but typically, this type of reaction forms a ketal or acetal.
**General Reaction Scheme:**
\[
\text{Cyclopentanone} \xrightarrow{\text{2CH₃OH, Acid Catalyst}} \text{Ketal/Acetal Product}
\]
2. **Reaction B:**
- **Reactants:** Cyclopentanol (a five-membered ring with a hydroxyl functional group).
- **Reagents:** Chromium trioxide (CrO₃).
- **Product:** Not specified in the image, but typically the oxidation of an alcohol leads to the formation of a ketone or carboxylic acid.
**General Reaction Scheme:**
\[
\text{Cyclopentanol} \xrightarrow{\text{CrO₃}} \text{Ketone/Carboxylic Acid Product}
\]
3. **Reaction F:**
- **Reactants:** Benzoic acid (a benzene ring with a carboxyl group).
- **Reagents:** Ethanol (EtOH) and catalytic hydrochloric acid (cat. HCl).
- **Product:** Not specified in the image but typically results in the formation of an ester (Ethyl benzoate).
**General Reaction Scheme:**
\[
\text{Benzoic Acid} \xrightarrow{\text{EtOH, cat. HCl}} \text{Ethyl Benzoate (Ester Product)}
\]
4. **Reaction G:**
- **Reactants:** Ethyl isobutyrate (an ester with the structure CH₃-CH(CH₃)-COOEt).
- **Reagents:** Sodium hydroxide in water (NaOH/H₂O).
- **Product:** Not specified in the image, but typically this reaction represents ester hydrolysis, resulting in an alcohol and carboxylic acid salt.
**General](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F30c2e2f2-e45c-41de-86ef-a25e36084e76%2F668a1907-63c7-4e72-b2a9-64572f148030%2Fnyg6mq.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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