9.49 Acidity of mouthwash. Acid has been found to be a D primary cause of dental caries (cavities). It is theorized MOWASH that oral mouthwashes contribute to the development of caries due to the antiseptic agent oxidizing into acid over time. This theory was tested in the Journal of Dentistry, Oral Medicine and Dental Education (Vol. 3, 2009). Three bottles of mouthwash, each of a different brand, were randomly selected from a drugstore. The pH level (where lower pH levels indicate higher acidity) of each bottle was measured on the date of purchase and after 30 days. The data are shown in the next table. Conduct an analysis to determine if the mean initial pH level of mouthwash differs significantly from the mean pH level after 30 days. Use a = .05 as your level of significance. Mouthwash Brand Initial pH Final pH LMW 4.56 4.27 SMW 6.71 6.51 RMW 5.65 5.58
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- How would I find d.?1. Captopril is a drug designed to lower systolic blood pressure. When subjects were treated with this drug, their systolic blood pressure readings (in mm Hg) were measured before and after the drug was taken. Results are given in the accompanying tables (based on data from "Essential Hypertension: Effect of an Oral Inhibitor of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme," by MacGregor et al., British Medical Journal, Vol. 2). Using a 0.01 significance level, is there sufficient evidence to support the claim that captopril is effective in lowering systolic blood pressure? Subject Before (x) 200 After (y) А В C D E F G H I K 174 198 170 179 182 193 209 185 155 169 210 191 170 177 167 159 151 176 183 159 145 146 177 2. A study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness for randomly selected subjects are given in the accompanying table (based on "An Analysis of hypnotism in reducing pain. Results Factors That Contribute to the Efficacy of Hypnotic Analgesia," by Price and Barber, Journal of…Neutropenia. Neutropenia is an abnormally low number of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell) in the blood. Chemotherapy often reduces the number of neutrophils to a level that makes patients susceptible to fever and infections. G. Bucaneve et al. published a study of such cancer patients in the paper “Levofloxacin to Prevent Bacterial Infection in Patients With Cancer and Neutropenia” (New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 353, No. 10, pp. 977–987). For the study, 375 patients were randomly assigned to receive a daily dose of levofloxacin, and 363 were given placebo. In the group receiving levofloxacin, fever was present in 243 patients for the duration of neutropenia, whereas fever was experienced by 308 patients in the placebo group. a. At the 1% significance level, do the data provide sufficient evidence to conclude that levofloxacin is effective in reducing the occurrence of fever in such patients? b. Find a 98% confidence level for the difference in the proportions of such…
- 4. Captopril is a drug designed to lower systolic blood pressure. When subjects were treated with this drug, their systolic blood pressure readings (in mm Hg) were measured before and after the drug was taken. Results are given in the accompanying table (based on data from “Essential Hypertension: Effect of an Oral Inhibitor of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme”, by MacGregor et al., BMJ, Vol. 2). Using a 0.01 significance level, is there sufficient evidence to support the claim that captopril has an effect on systolic blood pressure? Explain why statistical methods from Z-interval, Z-test, T-interval or T-test –cannot be used for this problem. Then, use the sign test to conduct the required test in R studio. Please show your work.Hoaglin, Mosteller, and Tukey (1983) presented data on blood levels of beta-endorphin as a function of stress. They took beta-endorphin levels for 19 patients 12 hours before surgery and again 10 minutes before surgery. The data are presented below, in fmol/ml Based on these data, what effect does increased stressed have on endorphin levels. include: the hypotheses tested (H0 and H1), the test-statistic and its df, the p-value of the test, and the conclusion as it relates to the research question. Participant 12 hours before 10 minutes before 1 10 6.5 2 6.5 14.0 3 8.0 13.5 4 12 18 5 5.0 14.5 6 11.5…An article in Journal of Food Science [“Prevention of Potato Spoilage During Storage by Chlorine Dioxide” (2001, Vol. 66(3), pp. 472–477)] reported on a study of potato spoilage based on different conditions of acidified oxine (AO), which is a mixture of chlorite and chlorine dioxide. The data follow: ∑X1i=230, ∑X21i=17200, n1=3. ∑X2i=150, ∑X22i=8100, n2=3. ∑X3i=60, ∑X23i=4500, n3=3. ∑X4i=65, ∑X24i=1625, n4=3. where group 1 has AO = 50ppm, group 2 has AO = 100ppm, group 3 has AO = 200ppm, group 4 has AO = 400ppm. Complete the ANOVA table below Source df sum of square mean square F p-value Between Within N/A N/A Total 11 N/A N/A N/A At α=0.05, do we reject the null hypothesis that AO does not affect spoilage?
- Help!!Cloud seeding, a process in which chemicals such as silver iodide and frozen carbon dioxide are introduced by aircraft into clouds to promote rainfall was widely used in the 20-th century. Recent research has questioned its effectiveness [Journal of Atmospheric Research (2010, Vol. 97 (2), pp. 513-525)]. An experiment was performed by randomly assigning 52 clouds to be seeded or not. The amount of rain generated was then measured in acre-feet. Here are the data for the unseeded and seeded clouds: Unseeded: 81.2 26.1 95.0 41.1 28.6 21.7 11.5 68.5 345.5 321.2 1202.6 1.0 4.9 163.0 372.4 244.3 47.3 87.0 26.3 24.4 830.1 4.9 36.6 147.8 17.3 29.0 Seeded: 274.7 302.8 242.5 255.0 17.5 115.3 31.4 703.4 334.1 430.0 1697.8 118.3 198.6 129.6 274.7 119.0 1656.0 7.7 40.6 92.4 200.7 32.7 4.1 978.0 489.1 2745.6 Construct a frequence distribution for the combined cloud-seeding rain measurements. Use 6 bins. Class Frequency -250 < x < 250 250 < x < 750 750 < x < 1250 1250 < x < 1750 1750 < x < 2250 2250…Lecture(8.8): The amount of time people engage in physical activity mat be related to health outcome. Those who report that they spend more than 15 hours are put into one while those who spend less 10 were put into another group. (Those who fall in between 10 and 15 were left out of the study); The reaearcher then ask the participants to wear a monitor for one month. The average time in minutes is recorded and shown below . Is there any evidence that on average people who watch less than 10 hours watching televsion spend more time on physical activity.?. Test the hypotheses at (alpha=0.05) using the 5 step procedure <10 hours 75 63 118 35 82 >15 hours 62 6 78 43 22 33
- 5.2Fluoride Exposure in Drinking Water Exercise 2.250 introduces a study showing that fluoride exposure might have long-term negative consequences for the offspring of pregnant women. Part of the study examines the effect of adding fluoride to tap water on mean fluoride concentration in women. Summary statistics for fluoride concentration (measured in mg/L) for the two groups are given in the table below. Tap water Fluoridated Non-fluoridated Conclusion: Sample size 141 228 Mean 0.69 0.40 St.Dev. 0.42 0.27 Find and interpret a 99% confidence interval for the mean increase in fluoride concentration for those with fluoridated tap water. Let Group 1 represent those with fluoridated tap water and Group 2 represent those without fluoridated tap water. Confidence interval: i to i (round to three decimal places)Inorganic phosphorous is a naturally occurring element in all plants and animals, with concentrations increasing progressively up the food chain (fruit < vegetables < cereals < nuts < corpse). Geochemical surveys take soil samples to determine phosphorous content (in ppm, parts per million). A high phosphorous content may or may not indicate an ancient burial site, food storage site, or even a garbage dump. Independent random samples from two regions gave the following phosphorous measurements (in ppm). Assume the distribution of phosphorous is mound-shaped and symmetric for these two regions. Region 1: x1;n1=15 857 1,551 1,230 875 1,080 2,330 1,850 1,860 2,340 1,080 910 1,130 1,450 1,260 1,010 region 11: x2;n2-14 538 812 790 1,230 1,770 960 1,650 860 890 640 1,180 1,160 1,050 1,020 (a)Use a calculator with mean and standard deviation keys to verify that x1, s1, x2, and s2. (Round your answers to four decimal places.) x1= ppm s1= ppm x2= ppm s2= ppm…