Electronic Effects
The effect of electrons that are located in the chemical bonds within the atoms of the molecule is termed an electronic effect. The electronic effect is also explained as the effect through which the reactivity of the compound in one portion is controlled by the electron repulsion or attraction producing in another portion of the molecule.
Drawing Resonance Forms
In organic chemistry, resonance may be a mental exercise that illustrates the delocalization of electrons inside molecules within the valence bond theory of octet bonding. It entails creating several Lewis structures that, when combined, reflect the molecule's entire electronic structure. One Lewis diagram cannot explain the bonding (lone pair, double bond, octet) elaborately. A hybrid describes a combination of possible resonance structures that represents the entire delocalization of electrons within the molecule.
Using Molecular Structure To Predict Equilibrium
Equilibrium does not always imply an equal presence of reactants and products. This signifies that the reaction reaches a point when reactant and product quantities remain constant as the rate of forward and backward reaction is the same. Molecular structures of various compounds can help in predicting equilibrium.
![**Problem 7: Reaction with HBr**
**Instructions:** For each alkene reaction below, draw the expected major product when reacted with HBr.
1. **Alkene 1:**
- Structure: A simple alkene with an external double bond.
- Reaction: Add HBr.
- Expected Major Product: The bromoalkane product following Markovnikov's rule.
2. **Alkene 2:**
- Structure: A more substituted alkene with a double bond at the center.
- Reaction: Add HBr.
- Expected Major Product: A bromoalkane with the bromine adding to the more substituted carbon.
3. **Alkene 3:**
- Structure: An alkene with external double bond and a phenyl group attached.
- Reaction: Add HBr.
- Expected Major Product: The bromoalkane, with bromine adding in accordance with Markovnikov's rule, taking into account the stability conferred by the phenyl group.
**Diagrams:**
- Each sub-diagram shows the starting alkene and an arrow indicating the reaction with HBr.
- The expected results are bromoalkanes, formed by following the principle of Markovnikov's rule where the hydrogen adds to the carbon with more hydrogen atoms, and bromine adds to the more substituted carbon.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F335d6cef-e110-4df1-b3c9-cf74ce65a19c%2F94c87446-e21f-417e-b172-9c340f5222b9%2Flnrt33t_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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