Classes Of Functional Groups
Organic Chemistry deals mostly with carbon and hydrogens, also called hydrocarbons, but those groups which replace hydrogen and bonds with carbon to give a characteristic nature, unique of their own, to the hydrocarbon they are attached to, are called functional groups. All the compounds belonging to a functional group undergo reactions in a similar pattern and are known to have similar physical and chemical properties.
Characteristics Of Functional Groups
In organic chemistry, we encounter a number of special substituent groups which are attached to the hydrocarbon backbone. These groups impart certain characteristics to the molecule of which it is a part of and thus, become the highlight of that particular molecule.
IUPAC Nomenclature
In Chemistry, IUPAC stands for International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry which suggested a systematic naming approach for the organic and inorganic compounds, as in the beginning stage of nomenclature one single chemical compound was named in many ways by which lead to confusion. The need for this approach aroused as the number of chemical compounds newly discovered were increasing (approximately 32 million compounds) and the basic concept of nomenclature i.e. the trivial nomenclature and the derived system of nomenclature failed to overcome the challenge. It is an important task to name a chemical compound systematically and unambiguously which reduces lots of confusion about the newly reported compounds.
![### E and Z Isomers of a Molecule
**Question:**
4. Draw and label the E and Z isomers for the following molecule:
\[ \text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{CH}-\text{C}(\text{CH}_3)=\text{CHCH}_2\text{OH} \]
**Answer:**
To understand and draw the E-Z isomers of the given molecule, it is essential to follow these steps:
1. **Identify the Double Bond:**
The molecule contains a double bond between two carbon atoms. Double bonds restrict rotation and can therefore exhibit geometric isomerism (E-Z isomerism).
2. **Determine the Priority Groups:**
According to Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules, the higher atomic number atom/group attached to each carbon of the double bond gets higher priority.
3. **E (Entgegen) Isomer:**
- "E" stands for "Entgegen" which means "opposite" in German.
- In this isomer, the highest priority groups on either side of the double bond are on opposite sides.
4. **Z (Zusammen) Isomer:**
- "Z" stands for "Zusammen" which means "together" or "same side" in German.
- In this isomer, the highest priority groups on either side of the double bond are on the same side.
Given the molecule: \[ \text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{CH}-\text{C}(\text{CH}_3)=\text{CHCH}_2\text{OH} \],
- For the carbon containing the methyl group (C(CH3)), the higher priority goes to the ethyl group (-CH2CH3) over the single hydrogen.
- For the carbon part of the -CHCH₂OH portion, the hydroxyl group (OH) has a higher priority compared to a lone hydrogen.
By following these general principles, you can draw the molecular structures to visually demonstrate the E and Z configurations, ensuring the higher priority groups are accurately placed according to their respective configurations.
### Conclusion
These structures are useful for illustrating the geometric isomerism in organic chemistry, which can affect the physical properties and reactivity of the molecules. Understanding E-Z isomerism is crucial for fields like medicinal chemistry, where different isomers can have significantly different biological](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F44572439-aee9-40a4-8ec4-b1e043de89f6%2F5756d243-118c-4481-b1b1-70da6a3f53ad%2Fruxte3_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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