5. Let S be a set containing 8 elements. What is the number of subsets of S containing at least two elements? Justify your answer.
Addition Rule of Probability
It simply refers to the likelihood of an event taking place whenever the occurrence of an event is uncertain. The probability of a single event can be calculated by dividing the number of successful trials of that event by the total number of trials.
Expected Value
When a large number of trials are performed for any random variable ‘X’, the predicted result is most likely the mean of all the outcomes for the random variable and it is known as expected value also known as expectation. The expected value, also known as the expectation, is denoted by: E(X).
Probability Distributions
Understanding probability is necessary to know the probability distributions. In statistics, probability is how the uncertainty of an event is measured. This event can be anything. The most common examples include tossing a coin, rolling a die, or choosing a card. Each of these events has multiple possibilities. Every such possibility is measured with the help of probability. To be more precise, the probability is used for calculating the occurrence of events that may or may not happen. Probability does not give sure results. Unless the probability of any event is 1, the different outcomes may or may not happen in real life, regardless of how less or how more their probability is.
Basic Probability
The simple definition of probability it is a chance of the occurrence of an event. It is defined in numerical form and the probability value is between 0 to 1. The probability value 0 indicates that there is no chance of that event occurring and the probability value 1 indicates that the event will occur. Sum of the probability value must be 1. The probability value is never a negative number. If it happens, then recheck the calculation.
question 5
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Note: For Problems 3 and 4, you may use the following two facts about the Euler Phi-function:
a) If integers m and n are coprime, then o(mn) = ¢(m)o(n).
b) If p is a prime number and a is a positive integer, then o(p") = pª-1(p – 1)
1. In a class of 16 students, there are 6 male students and 10 female students. In how many ways can
you select a group of 5 students from this class such that 3 of the 5 students are males and the other
two are females?
2. Use the inclusion-exclusion principle to find the number of solutions to the equation
x + y + z = 19,
where x, y, and z are positive integers. [Hint: You know how to find the number of non-negative
solutions to the equation above.]
3. Let ø: {1, 2, 3, ...} → {1, 2, 3, ...} denote the Euler phi-function. If ø injective? Is it surjective? Justify
your answers.
4. Define a relation - on the set N of natural numbers as follows: For natural numbers n and m, n ~ m if
and only if ø(n) = ¢(m), where o denotes the Euler phi-function. Is ~ defined as such an equivalence
relation on N? If so, find the equivalence class containing 5.
5. Let S be a set containing 8 elements. What is the number of subsets of S containing at least two
elements? Justify your answer.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F0b1412fc-5e24-47c1-805c-f79f0dfd1ed2%2F6dfc4e3b-6220-4ca6-959c-26599c673b56%2Feo7kla_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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