5) The principle of redundancy is used when system reliability is improved through redundant or backup components. Assume that your alarm clock has a 0.9 probability of working on any given morning.
Addition Rule of Probability
It simply refers to the likelihood of an event taking place whenever the occurrence of an event is uncertain. The probability of a single event can be calculated by dividing the number of successful trials of that event by the total number of trials.
Expected Value
When a large number of trials are performed for any random variable ‘X’, the predicted result is most likely the mean of all the outcomes for the random variable and it is known as expected value also known as expectation. The expected value, also known as the expectation, is denoted by: E(X).
Probability Distributions
Understanding probability is necessary to know the probability distributions. In statistics, probability is how the uncertainty of an event is measured. This event can be anything. The most common examples include tossing a coin, rolling a die, or choosing a card. Each of these events has multiple possibilities. Every such possibility is measured with the help of probability. To be more precise, the probability is used for calculating the occurrence of events that may or may not happen. Probability does not give sure results. Unless the probability of any event is 1, the different outcomes may or may not happen in real life, regardless of how less or how more their probability is.
Basic Probability
The simple definition of probability it is a chance of the occurrence of an event. It is defined in numerical form and the probability value is between 0 to 1. The probability value 0 indicates that there is no chance of that event occurring and the probability value 1 indicates that the event will occur. Sum of the probability value must be 1. The probability value is never a negative number. If it happens, then recheck the calculation.
![## Understanding Redundancy and Probabilities
### Problem Statement
**5)** The principle of redundancy is used when system reliability is improved through redundant or backup components. Assume that your alarm clock has a 0.9 probability of working on any given morning.
**a)** What is the probability that your alarm clock will *not* work on the morning of an important final exam?
### Explanation
In this problem, we are examining the reliability of a system (in this case, an alarm clock) and the concept of redundancy. The problem gives a probability of 0.9 for the alarm clock working, from which we need to determine the probability of it not working on a specific morning, such as the morning of a final exam.
### Solution Approach
To find the probability that the alarm clock will not work, we can use the concept of complementary probability:
- Probability of the alarm clock working: \( P(\text{Working}) = 0.9 \)
- Probability of the alarm clock not working: \( P(\text{Not Working}) = 1 - P(\text{Working}) \)
Therefore:
\[ P(\text{Not Working}) = 1 - 0.9 = 0.1 \]
So, there is a 0.1 probability that your alarm clock will not function on the morning of an important final exam.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F5018b380-448e-4214-adf4-74ec1b10342e%2Fa3da86ea-9bef-4c0c-841e-2128e86f487f%2Flqc7ap_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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