4.3 A landfill cover slope has the following characteristics: slope angle = 4(H):1(V), slope length L = 105 ft (32 m). A 2-foot-thick (0.6-m-thick) silt (silt 110 lb/ft³ or 17.3 kN/m³) and 6-inches (0.15 m) of topsoil (op = 90 lb/ft³ or 14 kN/m³) cover are placed over a 40- mil (1 mm) geomembrane. The geomembrane has an allowable tensile strength of 2,200 lb/in² (15,000 kN/m²). The interface shear strength parameters of the geomembrane with the upper soil are cau = 0 and & = 14°, and with the lower soil are cal = = 0 and & = 10°. Calculate the tension in the geomembrane and the resulting FS against geomembrane failure. If the factor of safety is less than 1.5, suggest an effective measure to increase the value of FS to 1.5 or more.]

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Calculation of Settlement

The vertical displacement of the structural foundation due to the loading from the superstructure is known as settlement. It is due to the reduction of air voids present in the soil. The amount of vertical displacement depends on the bearing capacity of the soil on which the foundation is laid. The effect of the settlement depends on the magnitude of settlement, uniformity, and the structural design of the structure. The maximum allowable settlement for residential and office buildings should be less than 18 mm, for industrial buildings, it is 38 mm and for commercial buildings, it is 25 mm.