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4. Is Lacy's ECF osmolarity increased or decreased compared to normal? Explain. 5. Is Lacy's ECF volume increased or decreased compared to normal? Explain. 6. Is Lacy's blood pressure high or low compared to normal? Considering the 3 variables that determine MAP, which one is the direct cause of the blood pressure change. Explain the mechanism by which that particular variable was changed, and then how the variable's change relates to a change in MAP?

4. Is Lacy's ECF osmolarity increased or decreased compared to normal? Explain. 5. Is Lacy's ECF volume increased or decreased compared to normal? Explain. 6. Is Lacy's blood pressure high or low compared to normal? Considering the 3 variables that determine MAP, which one is the direct cause of the blood pressure change. Explain the mechanism by which that particular variable was changed, and then how the variable's change relates to a change in MAP?

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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Read the prompt and answer subquestions 4, 5, and 6

1. List 3 factors within the problem description that have contributed to the development of dehydration in Lacy. Format as a numbered or lettered list, with each item on a separate line. 2. Explain how caffeine's effect on the afferent arteriole will alter PGc and GFR. 3. How will Lacy's Na* and water excretion be changed due to the caffeine ingestion compared to without the caffeine ingestion? Explain. The following questions relate to the when Lacy is talking with her coach around 3pm, and then awaiting the ambulance. 4. Is Lacy's ECF osmolarity increased or decreased compared to normal? Explain. 5. Is Lacy's ECF volume increased or decreased compared to normal? Explain. 6. Is Lacy's blood pressure high or low compared to normal? Considering the 3 variables that determine MAP, which one is the direct cause of the blood pressure change. Explain the mechanism by which that particular variable was changed, and then how the variable's change relates to a change in MAP?
Transcribed Image Text:1. List 3 factors within the problem description that have contributed to the development of dehydration in Lacy. Format as a numbered or lettered list, with each item on a separate line. 2. Explain how caffeine's effect on the afferent arteriole will alter PGc and GFR. 3. How will Lacy's Na* and water excretion be changed due to the caffeine ingestion compared to without the caffeine ingestion? Explain. The following questions relate to the when Lacy is talking with her coach around 3pm, and then awaiting the ambulance. 4. Is Lacy's ECF osmolarity increased or decreased compared to normal? Explain. 5. Is Lacy's ECF volume increased or decreased compared to normal? Explain. 6. Is Lacy's blood pressure high or low compared to normal? Considering the 3 variables that determine MAP, which one is the direct cause of the blood pressure change. Explain the mechanism by which that particular variable was changed, and then how the variable's change relates to a change in MAP?
Lacy is a 15-year-old female who was scheduled to compete in 7 events at the school track-and-field day. The sports meet was held on an unusually warm Saturday at the end of a cold winter: the early morning temp was a warmer than usual at 75°F, and by afternoon the temperature reached 98°F. In addition, there were dry, hot westerly winds and low humidity. Lacy was up late the night before the track meet watching movies. She slept through her alarm and woke up in a panic. Lacy jumped out of bed and drank a big glass of water and ate a piece of toast. She feels so tired that even though she doesn't normally drink many caffeinated beverages, she downs two cups of coffee (95 mg caffeine* per cup) on the way to the school. During the morning Lacy drank two 12 oz. "energy drinks" (each containing 120 mg of caffeine per 12 oz) thinking that they would increase her stamina, speed and jumping ability. She did not drink any water, juice, or sports drinks (i.e., Gatorade or Powerade). Lacy kept having to run to the restroom to urinate during her 3 morning events; she was surprised how often she had to go and how much she urinated. She was also sweating during the morning events due to the heat and exercise. Lacy didn't have lunch with her, so she grabbed a protein bar from the concession stand for lunch around 11:00 AM. She was feeling tired, so she also drank a diet cola (42 more mg of caffeine) instead of water or juice or a sports drinks. Lacy's afternoon schedule of events was very busy, and she did not have time to consume any other food or drink after about 11:15 am. She participated in 2 more events, then decided she should go to the restroom before the 800 m race at 2pm, even though she didn't feel like she really needed to, and she noticed that her urine was dark yellow in color and low volume. Lacy tried extra hard in the race but could not guite perform at her usual standard. She also noticed that she didn't seem to be sweating much during the event despite the hot temperatures. By 3:00 p.m. Lacy had one more event to go, but she was now feeling unwell. She told her coach that she felt dizzy, tired, weak and had a headache and a dry mouth. Her coach noticed that Lacy's skin was pale and dry, and her eyeballs appeared sunken. The coach asked Lacy about her food and beverage consumption and came to suspect that Lacy was severely dehydrated. He noticed that she was having trouble standing and seemed to be swaying. The coach called for an ambulance to take her to the hospital. *Effects of caffeine on the kidney: (1) Caffeine is an adenosine receptor antagonist (blocker). In the kidneys, adenosine binds to adenosine receptors on the afferent arteriole; adenosine's normal action via these receptors is to constrict the afferent arteriole. (2) Caffeine decreases Na* reabsorption in the proximal tubule, causing natriuresis (increased excretion of Na+).
Transcribed Image Text:Lacy is a 15-year-old female who was scheduled to compete in 7 events at the school track-and-field day. The sports meet was held on an unusually warm Saturday at the end of a cold winter: the early morning temp was a warmer than usual at 75°F, and by afternoon the temperature reached 98°F. In addition, there were dry, hot westerly winds and low humidity. Lacy was up late the night before the track meet watching movies. She slept through her alarm and woke up in a panic. Lacy jumped out of bed and drank a big glass of water and ate a piece of toast. She feels so tired that even though she doesn't normally drink many caffeinated beverages, she downs two cups of coffee (95 mg caffeine* per cup) on the way to the school. During the morning Lacy drank two 12 oz. "energy drinks" (each containing 120 mg of caffeine per 12 oz) thinking that they would increase her stamina, speed and jumping ability. She did not drink any water, juice, or sports drinks (i.e., Gatorade or Powerade). Lacy kept having to run to the restroom to urinate during her 3 morning events; she was surprised how often she had to go and how much she urinated. She was also sweating during the morning events due to the heat and exercise. Lacy didn't have lunch with her, so she grabbed a protein bar from the concession stand for lunch around 11:00 AM. She was feeling tired, so she also drank a diet cola (42 more mg of caffeine) instead of water or juice or a sports drinks. Lacy's afternoon schedule of events was very busy, and she did not have time to consume any other food or drink after about 11:15 am. She participated in 2 more events, then decided she should go to the restroom before the 800 m race at 2pm, even though she didn't feel like she really needed to, and she noticed that her urine was dark yellow in color and low volume. Lacy tried extra hard in the race but could not guite perform at her usual standard. She also noticed that she didn't seem to be sweating much during the event despite the hot temperatures. By 3:00 p.m. Lacy had one more event to go, but she was now feeling unwell. She told her coach that she felt dizzy, tired, weak and had a headache and a dry mouth. Her coach noticed that Lacy's skin was pale and dry, and her eyeballs appeared sunken. The coach asked Lacy about her food and beverage consumption and came to suspect that Lacy was severely dehydrated. He noticed that she was having trouble standing and seemed to be swaying. The coach called for an ambulance to take her to the hospital. *Effects of caffeine on the kidney: (1) Caffeine is an adenosine receptor antagonist (blocker). In the kidneys, adenosine binds to adenosine receptors on the afferent arteriole; adenosine's normal action via these receptors is to constrict the afferent arteriole. (2) Caffeine decreases Na* reabsorption in the proximal tubule, causing natriuresis (increased excretion of Na+).
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