4. Efficiency in the presence of externalities Cars impose many external costs on society: carbon dioxide emissions that contribute to air pollution, congestion on roadways, and so on. Therefore, the market quantity of cars is not equal to the efficient quantity. The following graph shows the private demand for cars, the private supply of cars, and the social supply of cars, which incorporates both private costs and external costs. Use the black point (plus symbol) to indicate the market quantity. Next, use the purple point (diamond symbol) to indicate the socially optimum quantity. Note: Drop lines will extend to both axes automatically. DERIVATE QUARKET O5OCIAL SSOCIAL SPRVATE QUANTITY OF CARS From society's standpoint, the market is producing cars. This is an example of of resources. PRICE OF CARS

4. Efficiency in the presence of externalities Cars impose many external costs on society: carbon dioxide emissions that contribute to air pollution, congestion on roadways, and so on. Therefore, the market quantity of cars is not equal to the efficient quantity. The following graph shows the private demand for cars, the private supply of cars, and the social supply of cars, which incorporates both private costs and external costs. Use the black point (plus symbol) to indicate the market quantity. Next, use the purple point (diamond symbol) to indicate the socially optimum quantity. Note: Drop lines will extend to both axes automatically. DERIVATE QUARKET O5OCIAL SSOCIAL SPRVATE QUANTITY OF CARS From society's standpoint, the market is producing cars. This is an example of of resources. PRICE OF CARS

ENGR.ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

14th Edition

ISBN:9780190931919

Author:NEWNAN

Publisher:NEWNAN

Chapter1: Making Economics Decisions

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1QTC

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3. The effect of negative externalities on the optimal quantityof consumption Consider the market for paper. Suppose that a paper factory dumps toxic waste into a nearby river, creating a negative externality for those living downstream from the factory. Producing an additional ton of paper imposes a constant external cost of $385 per ton. The following graph shows the demand (private value) curve and the supply (private cost) curve for paper. Use the purple points (diamond symbol) to plot the social cost curve when the external cost is $385 per ton. PRICE (Dollars per ton of paper) 1100 990 880 770 660 550 440 330 220 110 0 0 ☐ 1 ☐ 2 3 4 5 QUANTITY (Tons of paper) O n Supply 8 (Private Cost) Demand (Private Value) 7 Social Cost (?) The market equilibrium quantity is tons of paper, but the socially optimal quantity of paper production is To create an incentive for the firm to produce the socially optimal quantity of paper, the government could impose a of paper. tons. of $ per ton
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The government of a small country imposes a minimum reserve ratio of 7%. If a bank within this country receives a deposit of $130,000, then: Select one: a. $9,100 should be lent out to customers and $120,900 should be held by the bank b. $120,900 should be lent out to customers and $9,100 should be held by the bank c. None of the answers are correct d. $130,000 should be fully lent to customers at 7% $130,000 should be fully lent to customers at 7% $130,000 should be fully lent to customers at 7% e. $130,000 should be held by the bank
4 This is a graph reprinted from Section 12.1 the Economics of Pollution. Please explain the graph with particular attention paid to why there are two supply curves. How can a government use this graph to establish pollution controls?
Refer to the image Ch. 18, Example 18.7 - 'The Demand for Clean Air' Why is clean air a public good? What does Fig. 18.16 (image provided) show about the willingness to pay for clean air?
3. Suppose the EPA wants to reduce pollution to the socially optimal level. Based on the data in the table below, what is the optimal level of pollution? Total cleanup Total Total (tons) Benefit Cost 50 2 85 18 3 115 28 4 140 39 5 160 51 179 63 7 197 76 8 214 90 230 105 10 245 120 11 259 137 12 273 156 13 286 177 14 299 200 15 311 225
Draw a graph that models a positive externality in consumption (label and clearly explain graph) Explain: i) The difference between the competitive equilibrium quantity and the socially optimal level quantity. ii) A possible intervention to bring the competitive equilibrium quantity closer to the socially optimal quantity. iii) An example of a setting in which this type of externality might occur (explain clearly how/why this externality happens).
Parks confer many external benefits on society: open space, trees that reduce pollution, and so on. Therefore, the market equilibrium quantity of parks is not equal to the socially optimal quantity. The following graph shows the demand for parks (their private value), the supply of parks (the private cost of producing them), and the social value of parks, including both the private value and external benefits. Use the black point (plus symbol) to indicate the market equilibrium quantity. Next, use the purple point (diamond symbol) to indicate the socially optimal quantity.
Q: The consumption of pies doesn't generate any externalities, but the production of pies generate positive externalities. A. Draw a diagram of a positive externality that occurs in production. Please be sure to label all of your curves and axes, explain the market quantity and the efficient quantity and what area is the dead weight loss. B. Explain, in a sentence or two, why there might be a positive externality associated with the production of Pies.
3. Now reconsider the issue of soybeans from the perspective of Chinese consumers. Assume you are a Chinese consumer who drinks soymilk each day. Demonstrate using a graph how your consumption of soymilk differs from the socially optimal level. Is the price you pay for soymilk in current market conditions the correct amount, too high, or too low? Why? Ensure that you label your graph correctly (all curves, axes, price and quantities labeled). Show the deadweight loss of soymilk consumption, and what price should be charged for soymilk to move the amount of soymilk you drink to the optimal level.
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