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4 AEM Joumals ASMorg Low-Temperature Decontamination with Hydrogen Peroxide or Chlorine Dioxide for Space Applications T. Pottage, S. Macken, K. Giri," J. T. Walker, and A. M. Bennett Biosafety Unit, Health Protection Agency, Microbiological Services Division, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom The currently used microbial decontamination method for spacecraft and components uses dry-heat microbial reduction at

4 AEM Joumals ASMorg Low-Temperature Decontamination with Hydrogen Peroxide or Chlorine Dioxide for Space Applications T. Pottage, S. Macken, K. Giri," J. T. Walker, and A. M. Bennett Biosafety Unit, Health Protection Agency, Microbiological Services Division, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom The currently used microbial decontamination method for spacecraft and components uses dry-heat microbial reduction at

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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A Low-Temperature Decontamination with Hydrogen Peroxide or Chlorine Dioxide for Space Applications (1).pdf - Adobe Acrobat Reader DC (32-bit) O X File Edit View Sign Window Help Home Tools Workshop 1.2 Scien.. Workshop 1.1 Scien. Low-Temperature D... x Sign In 1 / 6 100% Search 'Edit Text' I AĒM Export PDF Journals ASM.org Low-Temperature Decontamination with Hydrogen Peroxide or Chlorine Dioxide for Space Applications Adobe Export PDF Convert PDF Files to Word or Excel Online T. Pottage, S. Macken, K. Giri,* J. T. Walker, and A. M. Bennett Select PDF File Biosafety Unit, Health Protection Agency, Microbiological Services Division, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom Low-Temper.ns (1).pdf The currently used microbial decontamination method for spacecraft and components uses dry-heat microbial reduction at temperatures of >110°C for extended periods to prevent the contamination of extraplanetary destinations. This process is effec- tive and reproducible, but it is also long and costly and precludes the use of heat-labile materials. The need for an alternative to dry-heat microbial reduction has been identified by space agencies. Investigations assessing the biological efficacy of two gaseous decontamination technologies, vapor hydrogen peroxide (Steris) and chlorine dioxide (ClorDiSys), were undertaken in a 20-m3 exposure chamber. Five spore-forming Bacillus spp. were exposed on stainless steel coupons to vaporized hydrogen peroxide and chlorine dioxide gas. Exposure for 20 min to vapor hydrogen peroxide resulted in 6- and 5-log reductions in the recovery of Bacillus atrophaeus and Geobacillus stearothermophilus, respectively. However, in comparison, chlorine dioxide required an exposure period of 60 min to reduce both B. atrophaeus and G. stearothermophilus by 5 logs. Of the three other Bacillus spp. tested, Bacillus thuringiensis proved the most resistant to hydrogen peroxide and chlorine dioxide with D values of 175.4 s and 6.6 h, respectively. Both low-temperature decontamination technologies proved effective at reducing the Bacillus spp. tested within the exposure ranges by over 5 logs, with the exception of B. thuringiensis, which was more resistant to both technologies. These results indicate that a review of the indicator organism choice and loading could provide a more appropriate and realistic challenge for the sterilization procedures used in the space industry. Convert to Microsoft Word (*.docx) Document Language: English (U.S.) Change Convert W; |hen a spacecraft visits regions of the solar system which may potentially hold biological interest, Planetary Protection (1967 Outer Space Treaty) precautions must be observed to pro- tect any present and future life detection activities (2). Planetary protection precautions require that flight systems must be assem- baseline contamination level to be calculated which must be con- Edit PDF trolled and reduced by a decontamination process. rocess used in the space industry is dry-heat microbial reduction (DHMR) (14), which has been used on spacecraft and their components since the bled, tested, and launched under conditions to control the for- Viking lander missions in 1975. The spacecraft and components are heated to >110°C within a sealed dry oven for extended peri- ods of time (e.g., up to 50 h for one cycle) (8, 40). This method has provided effective and repeatable decontamination which has been validated using thermocouples and biological indicator(s) (BI). The kinetics of heat inactivation of microorganisms is well established and therefore demonstrates a high degree of sterility The current validated decontamination Convert, edit and e-sign PDF forms & agreements ward contamination of pristine extraterrestrial environments by terrestrial microorganisms and indeed backward contamination during Earth return missions. Spacecraft and their components are constructed and assem- bled in high classification clean room facilities (30, 38) similar to Free 7-Day Trial 8.12 x 10.88 in that used in medical (12, 16, 42) and industrial pharmaceutical Downloaded from http://aem.asm.org/ on April 29, 202
Transcribed Image Text:A Low-Temperature Decontamination with Hydrogen Peroxide or Chlorine Dioxide for Space Applications (1).pdf - Adobe Acrobat Reader DC (32-bit) O X File Edit View Sign Window Help Home Tools Workshop 1.2 Scien.. Workshop 1.1 Scien. Low-Temperature D... x Sign In 1 / 6 100% Search 'Edit Text' I AĒM Export PDF Journals ASM.org Low-Temperature Decontamination with Hydrogen Peroxide or Chlorine Dioxide for Space Applications Adobe Export PDF Convert PDF Files to Word or Excel Online T. Pottage, S. Macken, K. Giri,* J. T. Walker, and A. M. Bennett Select PDF File Biosafety Unit, Health Protection Agency, Microbiological Services Division, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom Low-Temper.ns (1).pdf The currently used microbial decontamination method for spacecraft and components uses dry-heat microbial reduction at temperatures of >110°C for extended periods to prevent the contamination of extraplanetary destinations. This process is effec- tive and reproducible, but it is also long and costly and precludes the use of heat-labile materials. The need for an alternative to dry-heat microbial reduction has been identified by space agencies. Investigations assessing the biological efficacy of two gaseous decontamination technologies, vapor hydrogen peroxide (Steris) and chlorine dioxide (ClorDiSys), were undertaken in a 20-m3 exposure chamber. Five spore-forming Bacillus spp. were exposed on stainless steel coupons to vaporized hydrogen peroxide and chlorine dioxide gas. Exposure for 20 min to vapor hydrogen peroxide resulted in 6- and 5-log reductions in the recovery of Bacillus atrophaeus and Geobacillus stearothermophilus, respectively. However, in comparison, chlorine dioxide required an exposure period of 60 min to reduce both B. atrophaeus and G. stearothermophilus by 5 logs. Of the three other Bacillus spp. tested, Bacillus thuringiensis proved the most resistant to hydrogen peroxide and chlorine dioxide with D values of 175.4 s and 6.6 h, respectively. Both low-temperature decontamination technologies proved effective at reducing the Bacillus spp. tested within the exposure ranges by over 5 logs, with the exception of B. thuringiensis, which was more resistant to both technologies. These results indicate that a review of the indicator organism choice and loading could provide a more appropriate and realistic challenge for the sterilization procedures used in the space industry. Convert to Microsoft Word (*.docx) Document Language: English (U.S.) Change Convert W; |hen a spacecraft visits regions of the solar system which may potentially hold biological interest, Planetary Protection (1967 Outer Space Treaty) precautions must be observed to pro- tect any present and future life detection activities (2). Planetary protection precautions require that flight systems must be assem- baseline contamination level to be calculated which must be con- Edit PDF trolled and reduced by a decontamination process. rocess used in the space industry is dry-heat microbial reduction (DHMR) (14), which has been used on spacecraft and their components since the bled, tested, and launched under conditions to control the for- Viking lander missions in 1975. The spacecraft and components are heated to >110°C within a sealed dry oven for extended peri- ods of time (e.g., up to 50 h for one cycle) (8, 40). This method has provided effective and repeatable decontamination which has been validated using thermocouples and biological indicator(s) (BI). The kinetics of heat inactivation of microorganisms is well established and therefore demonstrates a high degree of sterility The current validated decontamination Convert, edit and e-sign PDF forms & agreements ward contamination of pristine extraterrestrial environments by terrestrial microorganisms and indeed backward contamination during Earth return missions. Spacecraft and their components are constructed and assem- bled in high classification clean room facilities (30, 38) similar to Free 7-Day Trial 8.12 x 10.88 in that used in medical (12, 16, 42) and industrial pharmaceutical Downloaded from http://aem.asm.org/ on April 29, 202
A Low-Temperature Decontamination with Hydrogen Peroxide or Chlorine Dioxide for Space Applications (1).pdf - Adobe Acrobat Reader DC (32-bit) O X File Edit View Sign Window Help Home Tools Workshop 1.2 Scien.. Workshop 1.1 Scien. Low-Temperature D... x Sign In 1 / 6 100% Search 'Edit Text' W |hen a spacecraft visits regions of the solar system which may potentially hold biological interest, Planetary Protection (1967 Outer Space Treaty) precautions must be observed to pro- tect any present and future life detection activities (2). Planetary protection precautions require that flight systems must be assem- bled, tested, and launched under conditions to control the for- baseline contamination level to be calculated which must be con- trolled and reduced by a decontamination process. The current validated decontamination process used in the space industry is dry-heat microbial reduction (DHMR) (14), which has been used on spacecraft and their components since the Viking lander missions in 1975. The spacecraft and components are heated to >110°C within a sealed dry oven for extended peri- ods of time (e.g., up to 50 h for one cycle) (8, 40). This method has provided effective and repeatable decontamination which has been validated using thermocouples and biological indicator(s) (BI). The kinetics of heat inactivation of microorganisms is well established and therefore demonstrates a high degree of sterility LO Export PDF Adobe Export PDF ward contamination of pristine extraterrestrial environments by terrestrial microorganisms and indeed backward contamination during Earth return missions. Spacecraft and their components are constructed and assem- bled in high classification clean room facilities (30, 38) similar to that used in medical (12, 16, 42) and industrial pharmaceutical (31) applications. Although it might be expected that the contam- inating organisms of these facilities will be the result of human activity (30), the highly desiccated and nutrient-limited environ- ment of spacecraft assembly clean rooms demonstrate selective pressure toward oligotrophic organisms that can persist in the environment (30). Of these organisms, spore-forming bacteria are perhaps the best suited to persistence and survival (21, 26). For example, spore-forming Bacillus species are the most commonly isolated (26), but other aerobic and anaerobic bacterial species validated low-temperature methods that would enable both larger have also been detected, namely, Staphylococcus, Acinetobacter, Micrococcus, Clostridium, and Streptococcus spp. (36–38), as well as eukaryotic organisms such as yeasts and fungi (37). The con- tinual microbial monitoring of the spacecraft assembly clean rooms has led to the characterization of two new Bacillus species: Bacillus odysseyi (27) and Bacillus nealsonii (41). Since microorganisms that survive within spacecraft assembly facilities can potentially contaminate spacecraft components and thus ultimately their destinations, the bioburden needs to be re- duced to safe levels to satisfy the tightly regulated Planetary Pro- tection requirements before deployment (2). This cannot be done by sterile manufacture alone. Regular assays of spacecraft allows a Convert PDF Files to Word or Excel Online Select PDF File assurance. Low-Temper.ns (1).pdf The use of heat-sensitive components such as used on the Bea- gle 2 Lander ruled out the use of DHMR, and so alternative tech- nologies such as sporicides, gamma irradiation, and gas plasma (8, 11, 32) were used. These technologies had to be accompanied by evidence of their efficacy to fulfill National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) requirements for this mission (32); the methods were not validated for continued use in the space indus- try. There has been much interest in developing alternative and Convert to Microsoft Word (*.docx) Document Language: English (U.S.) Change modules and small components to be decontaminated. Such methods must operate at a low temperature (<60°C), be compat- ible with a number of different materials used within the space Convert Received 5 January 2012 Accepted 28 March 2012 Published ahead of print 6 April 2012 Address correspondence to T. Pottage, thomas.pottage@hpa.org.uk. Edit PDF * Present address: Biocon, Electronics City, Bangalore, India. Copyright © 2012, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. doi:10.1128/AEM.07948-11 Convert, edit and e-sign PDF forms & agreements June 2012 Volume 78 Number 12 Applied and Environmental Microbiology p. 4169-4174 aem.asm.org 4169 Free 7-Day Trial * aem.asm.org/ on April 29, 2021 at Carleton Univ
Transcribed Image Text:A Low-Temperature Decontamination with Hydrogen Peroxide or Chlorine Dioxide for Space Applications (1).pdf - Adobe Acrobat Reader DC (32-bit) O X File Edit View Sign Window Help Home Tools Workshop 1.2 Scien.. Workshop 1.1 Scien. Low-Temperature D... x Sign In 1 / 6 100% Search 'Edit Text' W |hen a spacecraft visits regions of the solar system which may potentially hold biological interest, Planetary Protection (1967 Outer Space Treaty) precautions must be observed to pro- tect any present and future life detection activities (2). Planetary protection precautions require that flight systems must be assem- bled, tested, and launched under conditions to control the for- baseline contamination level to be calculated which must be con- trolled and reduced by a decontamination process. The current validated decontamination process used in the space industry is dry-heat microbial reduction (DHMR) (14), which has been used on spacecraft and their components since the Viking lander missions in 1975. The spacecraft and components are heated to >110°C within a sealed dry oven for extended peri- ods of time (e.g., up to 50 h for one cycle) (8, 40). This method has provided effective and repeatable decontamination which has been validated using thermocouples and biological indicator(s) (BI). The kinetics of heat inactivation of microorganisms is well established and therefore demonstrates a high degree of sterility LO Export PDF Adobe Export PDF ward contamination of pristine extraterrestrial environments by terrestrial microorganisms and indeed backward contamination during Earth return missions. Spacecraft and their components are constructed and assem- bled in high classification clean room facilities (30, 38) similar to that used in medical (12, 16, 42) and industrial pharmaceutical (31) applications. Although it might be expected that the contam- inating organisms of these facilities will be the result of human activity (30), the highly desiccated and nutrient-limited environ- ment of spacecraft assembly clean rooms demonstrate selective pressure toward oligotrophic organisms that can persist in the environment (30). Of these organisms, spore-forming bacteria are perhaps the best suited to persistence and survival (21, 26). For example, spore-forming Bacillus species are the most commonly isolated (26), but other aerobic and anaerobic bacterial species validated low-temperature methods that would enable both larger have also been detected, namely, Staphylococcus, Acinetobacter, Micrococcus, Clostridium, and Streptococcus spp. (36–38), as well as eukaryotic organisms such as yeasts and fungi (37). The con- tinual microbial monitoring of the spacecraft assembly clean rooms has led to the characterization of two new Bacillus species: Bacillus odysseyi (27) and Bacillus nealsonii (41). Since microorganisms that survive within spacecraft assembly facilities can potentially contaminate spacecraft components and thus ultimately their destinations, the bioburden needs to be re- duced to safe levels to satisfy the tightly regulated Planetary Pro- tection requirements before deployment (2). This cannot be done by sterile manufacture alone. Regular assays of spacecraft allows a Convert PDF Files to Word or Excel Online Select PDF File assurance. Low-Temper.ns (1).pdf The use of heat-sensitive components such as used on the Bea- gle 2 Lander ruled out the use of DHMR, and so alternative tech- nologies such as sporicides, gamma irradiation, and gas plasma (8, 11, 32) were used. These technologies had to be accompanied by evidence of their efficacy to fulfill National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) requirements for this mission (32); the methods were not validated for continued use in the space indus- try. There has been much interest in developing alternative and Convert to Microsoft Word (*.docx) Document Language: English (U.S.) Change modules and small components to be decontaminated. Such methods must operate at a low temperature (<60°C), be compat- ible with a number of different materials used within the space Convert Received 5 January 2012 Accepted 28 March 2012 Published ahead of print 6 April 2012 Address correspondence to T. Pottage, thomas.pottage@hpa.org.uk. Edit PDF * Present address: Biocon, Electronics City, Bangalore, India. Copyright © 2012, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. doi:10.1128/AEM.07948-11 Convert, edit and e-sign PDF forms & agreements June 2012 Volume 78 Number 12 Applied and Environmental Microbiology p. 4169-4174 aem.asm.org 4169 Free 7-Day Trial * aem.asm.org/ on April 29, 2021 at Carleton Univ
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