36. In domesticated cats, the following genetic patterns have been described as independently assorting. Normal ears (T) is dominant to tufted ears (t); curved whiskers (C) is dominant to straight whiskers (c); the presence of six toes (S) is dominant to five toes (s); and the gene for hair length is an X-linked codominant. The three phenotypes for hair length are long (X"X#), medium (X"X"), and short (XX"); medium is the heterozygous condition. Sex determination in cats is the same as for humans (XX = female). Given two parent cats: Tt cc SS X#x x Tt Cc Ss X#Y a. How many different gametes could be formed in the female cat with respect to these four traits? b. How many phenotypes are possible in the offspring from this mating? c. What fraction of the offspring will have tufted ears, curved whiskers, six toes, and long hair? d. In a litter of 10 kittens, six are male. How many of the males would be expected to have tufted ears, six toes, straight whiskers, and medium-length hair?
Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain, also known as the electron transport system, is a group of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria to create a gradient of protons that drives adenosine triphosphate (ATP)synthesis. The cell uses ATP as an energy source for metabolic processes and cellular functions. ETC involves series of reactions that convert redox energy from NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H)) and FADH2(flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)) oxidation into proton-motive force(PMF), which is then used to synthesize ATP through conformational changes in the ATP synthase complex, a process known as oxidative phosphorylation.
Metabolism
Picture a campfire. It keeps the body warm on a cold night and provides light. To ensure that the fire keeps burning, fuel needs to be added(pieces of wood in this case). When a small piece is added, the fire burns bright for a bit and then dies down unless more wood is added. But, if too many pieces are placed at a time, the fire escalates and burns for a longer time, without actually burning away all the pieces that have been added. Many of them, especially the larger chunks or damp pieces, remain unburnt.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the cellular process involved in the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules from the organic nutritional source obtained from the diet. It is a universal process observed in all types of life forms. The glucose (chemical formula C6H12O6) molecules are the preferred raw material for cell respiration as it possesses a simple structure and is highly efficient in nature.
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