36. A sign of weight W is supported at its base by four bolts anchored in a concrete footing. Wind pressure p acts normal to the surface of the sign; the resultant of the uniform wind pressure is force F at the center of pressure. The wind force is assumed to create equal shear forces F14 in the y-direction at each bolt [see figure parts (a) and (c)]. The overturning effect of the wind force also causes an uplift force R at bolts A and C and a downward force (-R) at bolts B and D [see figure part (b)]. The resulting effects of the wind, and the associated ultimate stresses for each stress condition, are: normal stress in each bolt (o = 410 MPa); shear through the base plate (T,= 115 MPa); hori- zontal shear and bearing on each bolt (Thu = 170 MPa and ou = 520 MPa); and bearing on the bottom washer at B (or D) (Obw = 340 MPa). FH = Rh 2 Pipe column W One half of over - turning Sign (L, X L) moment about x axis acts dp on each bolt pair Resultant Lh Base of wind dw B plate (Ibp) C.P. pressure F14 Footing F W Lv 4. Compression Tension R Pipe column z b (b) D y Overturning H moment B. about x axis FH FH y Ab=300 mm- FH A h F at each 4 bolt W at each 4 bolt -h = 350 mm- W R+ (a) W 4 R W R- 4 (c) PROB. 36 ...

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Unit Conversion

Standard units are also called SI units. SI units are used for measuring a physical quantity satisfying certain conditions. There are two types of units: fundamental units and derived units. Fundamental units are physical quantities that are independent, that is, they do not depend on other quantities like mass, length, or time. There are plenty of quantities in our lives which need to be measured and compared. Measuring is the comparison of a particular physical quantity with its reference value. A unit is a measure of a fixed physical quantity. A physical quantity is the product of a unit and the numerical value we need to compare with.