States of Matter
The substance that constitutes everything in the universe is known as matter. Matter comprises atoms which in turn are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Different atoms combine together to give rise to molecules that act as a foundation for all kinds of substances. There are five states of matter based on their energies of attraction, namely solid, liquid, gases, plasma, and BEC (Bose-Einstein condensates).
Chemical Reactions and Equations
When a chemical species is transformed into another chemical species it is said to have undergone a chemical reaction. It consists of breaking existing bonds and forming new bonds by changing the position of electrons. These reactions are best explained using a chemical equation.
![Reactions of Amides
H,0
H* or OH
R-
HO-
R'NH,
(Section 21-7C)
acid
R-
-NHR´
(1) LIAIH,
(2) H,O
amide
R-CH,NHR'
(Sections 19-19 and 21-8C)
POCI,
(or P,0,)
R
NH,
R-C=N
(Section 21-13)
1° amide
nitrile
33
NHz
Pocl3
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![(30
ott
HOA
Ht
oH
31
How many sp? hybridized atoms are in the
How
product
?
many sp hybri dited carbons are in the product?
and
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